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Standard Model Tested with Neutrinos

M. Atzori Corona1,*, M. Cadeddu2,†, N. Cargioli2,‡, F. Dordei2,§, C. Giunti3,∥, and C. A. Ternes4,5,¶

  • *Contact author: mcorona@roma2.infn.it
  • †Contact author: matteo.cadeddu@ca.infn.it
  • ‡Contact author: nicola.cargioli@ca.infn.it
  • §Contact author: francesca.dordei@cern.ch
  • ∥Contact author: carlo.giunti@to.infn.it
  • Contact author: christoph.ternes@lngs.infn.it
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 231803 – Published 4 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/dplq-dvc8

Abstract

The standard model (SM) of particle physics effectively explains most observed phenomena, though some anomalies, especially in the neutrino sector, suggest the need for extensions. In this Letter, we perform the first global fit of elastic neutrino-nucleus and neutrino-electron scattering data to further test the SM within a consistent framework. Our results on the neutrino charge radius, the only nonzero electromagnetic property of neutrinos in the SM, show no significant deviation, indicating no large beyond the SM flavor-dependent effects for electron and muon neutrinos. By incorporating solar neutrino data from dark matter direct detection experiments, we also place the most stringent constraints on the tau neutrino charge radius obtained from neutrino scattering experiments. Additionally, we determine updated constraints on the vector and axial-vector neutrino-electron neutral current couplings, adjusting for flavor-dependent effects and for the different experimental momentum transfers. The global analysis reveals two allowed solutions: one close to the SM prediction, and a degenerate solution that is favored. We show that future dark matter detectors could achieve sufficient precision to resolve the degeneracy. As we move toward the precision era, this Letter demonstrates the crucial need to properly account for flavor- and momentum-dependent effects to avoid misinterpretations of the data.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 231803– Published 4 December, 2025
  • Received 14 April 2025
  • Revised 4 November 2025
  • Accepted 18 November 2025
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