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Quantum Metrology in the Ultrastrong Coupling Regime of Light-Matter Interactions: Leveraging Virtual Excitations without Extracting Them

Christoph Hotter1, Adam Miranowicz2, and Karol Gietka3,*

  • *Contact author: karol.gietka@uibk.ac.at
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 100802 – Published 4 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/cxvs-5pb1

Abstract

Virtual excitations, inherent to ultrastrongly coupled light-matter systems, induce measurable modifications in system properties, offering a novel resource for quantum technologies. In this Letter, we demonstrate how these virtual excitations and their correlations can be harnessed to enhance precision measurements, without the need to extract them. Building on the paradigmatic Dicke model, which describes the interaction between an ensemble of two-level atoms and a single radiation mode, we propose a method to harness hybridized light-matter modes whose renormalized frequencies encode the effects of virtual excitations for quantum metrology. Remarkably, we find that, for a fixed squeezing parameter ξ, exploiting virtual squeezing through oscillator frequency shifts yields a quadratic enhancement in estimation precision—scaling as exp(4ξ)—compared to the conventional exp(2ξ) scaling of real squeezed states. These results show that virtual excitations, though unobservable, can drive metrological performance beyond the standard quantum limit. Our approach establishes a broadly applicable framework for high-precision measurements across a wide class of ultrastrongly coupled quantum systems.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 100802– Published 4 September, 2025
  • Received 10 February 2025
  • Revised 9 July 2025
  • Accepted 11 August 2025
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