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Evidence of Spin-Orbital Angular Momentum Interactions in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

S. Acharya¹⁴¹, D. Adamová⁹⁴, A. Adler⁷⁴, J. Adolfsson⁸⁰, M. M. Aggarwal⁹⁹, G. Aglieri Rinella³³, M. Agnello³⁰, N. Agrawal^10,53, Z. Ahammed¹⁴¹ et al. (The ALICE Collaboration)

Z. Ahammed¹⁴¹, S. Ahmad¹⁶, S. U. Ahn⁷⁶, A. Akindinov⁹¹, M. Al-Turany¹⁰⁶, S. N. Alam¹⁴¹, D. S. D. Albuquerque¹²², D. Aleksandrov⁸⁷, B. Alessandro⁵⁸, H. M. Alfanda⁶, R. Alfaro Molina⁷¹, B. Ali¹⁶, Y. Ali¹⁴, A. Alici^10,26,53, A. Alkin², J. Alme²¹, T. Alt⁶⁸, L. Altenkamper²¹, I. Altsybeev¹¹², M. N. Anaam⁶, C. Andrei⁴⁷, D. Andreou³³, H. A. Andrews¹¹⁰, A. Andronic¹⁴⁴, M. Angeletti³³, V. Anguelov¹⁰³, C. Anson¹⁵, T. Antičić¹⁰⁷, F. Antinori⁵⁶, P. Antonioli⁵³, R. Anwar¹²⁵, N. Apadula⁷⁹, L. Aphecetche¹¹⁴, H. Appelshäuser⁶⁸, S. Arcelli²⁶, R. Arnaldi⁵⁸, M. Arratia⁷⁹, I. C. Arsene²⁰, M. Arslandok¹⁰³, A. Augustinus³³, R. Averbeck¹⁰⁶, S. Aziz⁶¹, M. D. Azmi¹⁶, A. Badalà⁵⁵, Y. W. Baek⁴⁰, S. Bagnasco⁵⁸, X. Bai¹⁰⁶, R. Bailhache⁶⁸, R. Bala¹⁰⁰, A. Baldisseri¹³⁷, M. Ball⁴², S. Balouza¹⁰⁴, R. Barbera²⁷, L. Barioglio²⁵, G. G. Barnaföldi¹⁴⁵, L. S. Barnby⁹³, V. Barret¹³⁴, P. Bartalini⁶, K. Barth³³, E. Bartsch⁶⁸, F. Baruffaldi²⁸, N. Bastid¹³⁴, S. Basu¹⁴³, G. Batigne¹¹⁴, B. Batyunya⁷⁵, D. Bauri⁴⁸, J. L. 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Danisch¹⁰³, A. Danu⁶⁷, D. Das¹⁰⁹, I. Das¹⁰⁹, P. Das⁸⁵, P. Das³, S. Das³, A. Dash⁸⁵, S. Dash⁴⁸, S. De⁸⁵, A. De Caro²⁹, G. de Cataldo⁵², J. de Cuveland³⁸, A. De Falco²³, D. De Gruttola¹⁰, N. De Marco⁵⁸, S. De Pasquale²⁹, S. Deb⁴⁹, B. Debjani³, H. F. Degenhardt¹²¹, K. R. Deja¹⁴², A. Deloff⁸⁴, S. Delsanto^25,131, D. Devetak¹⁰⁶, P. Dhankher⁴⁸, D. Di Bari³², A. Di Mauro³³, R. A. Diaz⁸, T. Dietel¹²⁴, P. Dillenseger⁶⁸, Y. Ding⁶, R. Divià³³, D. U. Dixit¹⁹, Ø. Djuvsland²¹, U. Dmitrieva⁶², A. Dobrin^33,67, B. Dönigus⁶⁸, O. Dordic²⁰, A. K. Dubey¹⁴¹, A. Dubla¹⁰⁶, S. Dudi⁹⁹, M. Dukhishyam⁸⁵, P. Dupieux¹³⁴, R. J. Ehlers¹⁴⁶, V. N. Eikeland²¹, D. Elia⁵², H. Engel⁷⁴, E. Epple¹⁴⁶, B. Erazmus¹¹⁴, F. Erhardt⁹⁸, A. Erokhin¹¹², M. R. Ersdal²¹, B. Espagnon⁶¹, G. Eulisse³³, D. Evans¹¹⁰, S. Evdokimov⁹⁰, L. Fabbietti^104,117, M. Faggin²⁸, J. Faivre⁷⁸, F. Fan⁶, A. Fantoni⁵¹, M. Fasel⁹⁵, P. Fecchio³⁰, A. Feliciello⁵⁸, G. Feofilov¹¹², A. Fernández Téllez⁴⁴, A. Ferrero¹³⁷, A. Ferretti²⁵, A. Festanti³³, V. J. G. 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Sputowska¹¹⁸, J. Stachel¹⁰³, I. Stan⁶⁷, P. Stankus⁹⁵, P. J. Steffanic¹³⁰, E. Stenlund⁸⁰, D. Stocco¹¹⁴, M. M. Storetvedt³⁵, L. D. Stritto²⁹, A. A. P. Suaide¹²¹, T. Sugitate⁴⁵, C. Suire⁶¹, M. Suleymanov¹⁴, M. Suljic³³, R. Sultanov⁹¹, M. Šumbera⁹⁴, S. Sumowidagdo⁵⁰, S. Swain⁶⁵, A. Szabo¹³, I. Szarka¹³, U. Tabassam¹⁴, G. Taillepied¹³⁴, J. Takahashi¹²², G. J. Tambave²¹, S. Tang^6,134, M. Tarhini¹¹⁴, M. G. Tarzila⁴⁷, A. Tauro³³, G. Tejeda Muñoz⁴⁴, A. Telesca³³, C. Terrevoli¹²⁵, D. Thakur⁴⁹, S. Thakur¹⁴¹, D. Thomas¹¹⁹, F. Thoresen⁸⁸, R. Tieulent¹³⁵, A. Tikhonov⁶², A. R. Timmins¹²⁵, A. Toia⁶⁸, N. Topilskaya⁶², M. Toppi⁵¹, F. Torales-Acosta¹⁹, S. R. Torres^9,120, A. Trifiro⁵⁵, S. Tripathy⁴⁹, T. Tripathy⁴⁸, S. Trogolo²⁸, G. Trombetta³², L. Tropp³⁷, V. Trubnikov², W. H. Trzaska¹²⁶, T. P. Trzcinski¹⁴², B. A. Trzeciak⁶³, T. Tsuji¹³², A. Tumkin¹⁰⁸, R. Turrisi⁵⁶, T. S. Tveter²⁰, K. Ullaland²¹, E. N. Umaka¹²⁵, A. Uras¹³⁵, G. L. Usai²³, A. Utrobicic⁹⁸, M. Vala³⁷, N. Valle¹³⁹, S. Vallero⁵⁸, N. van der Kolk⁶³, L. V. R. van Doremalen⁶³, M. van Leeuwen⁶³, P. Vande Vyvre³³, D. Varga¹⁴⁵, Z. Varga¹⁴⁵, M. Varga-Kofarago¹⁴⁵, A. Vargas⁴⁴, M. Vasileiou⁸³, A. Vasiliev⁸⁷, O. Vázquez Doce^104,117, V. Vechernin¹¹², A. M. Veen⁶³, E. Vercellin²⁵, S. Vergara Limón⁴⁴, L. Vermunt⁶³, R. Vernet⁷, R. Vértesi¹⁴⁵, L. Vickovic³⁴, Z. Vilakazi¹³¹, O. Villalobos Baillie¹¹⁰, A. Villatoro Tello⁴⁴, G. Vino⁵², A. Vinogradov⁸⁷, T. Virgili²⁹, V. Vislavicius⁸⁸, A. Vodopyanov⁷⁵, B. Volkel³³, M. A. Völkl¹⁰², K. Voloshin⁹¹, S. A. Voloshin¹⁴³, G. Volpe³², B. von Haller³³, I. Vorobyev¹⁰⁴, D. Voscek¹¹⁶, J. Vrláková³⁷, B. Wagner²¹, M. Weber¹¹³, S. G. Weber¹⁴⁴, A. Wegrzynek³³, D. F. Weiser¹⁰³, S. C. Wenzel³³, J. P. Wessels¹⁴⁴, J. Wiechula⁶⁸, J. Wikne²⁰, G. Wilk⁸⁴, J. Wilkinson^10,53, G. A. Willems³³, E. Willsher¹¹⁰, B. Windelband¹⁰³, M. Winn¹³⁷, W. E. Witt¹³⁰, Y. Wu¹²⁸, R. Xu⁶, S. Yalcin⁷⁷, K. Yamakawa⁴⁵, S. Yang²¹, S. Yano¹³⁷, Z. Yin⁶, H. Yokoyama⁶³, I.-K. Yoo¹⁷, J. H. Yoon⁶⁰, S. Yuan²¹, A. Yuncu¹⁰³, V. Yurchenko², V. Zaccolo²⁴, A. Zaman¹⁴, C. Zampolli³³, H. J. C. Zanoli⁶³, N. Zardoshti³³, A. Zarochentsev¹¹², P. Závada⁶⁶, N. Zaviyalov¹⁰⁸, H. Zbroszczyk¹⁴², M. Zhalov⁹⁷, S. Zhang³⁹, X. Zhang⁶, Z. Zhang⁶, V. Zherebchevskii¹¹², D. Zhou⁶, Y. Zhou⁸⁸, Z. Zhou²¹, J. Zhu^6,106, Y. Zhu⁶, A. Zichichi^10,26, M. B. Zimmermann³³, G. Zinovjev², and N. Zurlo¹⁴⁰ (The ALICE Collaboration)

¹A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia
²Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
³Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India
⁴Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia
⁵California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States
⁶Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
⁷Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
⁸Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba
⁹Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, Mexico
¹⁰Centro Fermi—Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi,” Rome, Italy
¹¹Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
¹²China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, China
¹³Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Bratislava, Slovakia
¹⁴COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
¹⁵Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
¹⁶Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
¹⁷Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
¹⁸Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
¹⁹Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
²⁰Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
²¹Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
²²Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università “La Sapienza” and Sezione INFN, Rome, Italy
²³Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, Italy
²⁴Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, Italy
²⁵Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
²⁶Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, Italy
²⁷Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy
²⁸Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell’Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, Italy
²⁹Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” dell’Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, Italy
³⁰Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, Italy
³¹Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell’Università del Piemonte Orientale and INFN Sezione di Torino, Alessandria, Italy
³²Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica “M. Merlin” and Sezione INFN, Bari, Italy
³³European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
³⁴Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
³⁵Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
³⁶Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
³⁷Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
³⁸Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
³⁹Fudan University, Shanghai, China
⁴⁰Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
⁴¹Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, India
⁴²Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
⁴³Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁴High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
⁴⁵Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
⁴⁶Hochschule Worms, Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT), Worms, Germany
⁴⁷Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania
⁴⁸Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
⁴⁹Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
⁵⁰Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
⁵¹INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
⁵²INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
⁵³INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
⁵⁴INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
⁵⁵INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
⁵⁶INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy
⁵⁷INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy
⁵⁸INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
⁵⁹INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
⁶⁰Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
⁶¹Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3/CNRS), Université de Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
⁶²Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
⁶³Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht, Netherlands
⁶⁴Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
⁶⁵Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
⁶⁶Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
⁶⁷Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, Romania
⁶⁸Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
⁶⁹Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
⁷⁰Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
⁷¹Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
⁷²iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South Africa
⁷³Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
⁷⁴Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik, Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, Germany
⁷⁵Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
⁷⁶Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
⁷⁷KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
⁷⁸Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France
⁷⁹Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
⁸⁰Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics, Lund, Sweden
⁸¹Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan
⁸²Nara Women’s University (NWU), Nara, Japan
⁸³National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece
⁸⁴National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
⁸⁵National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, India
⁸⁶National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, Azerbaijan
⁸⁷National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
⁸⁸Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸⁹Nikhef, National institute for subatomic physics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
⁹⁰NRC Kurchatov Institute IHEP, Protvino, Russia
⁹¹NRC ≪Kurchatov Institute≫—ITEP, Moscow, Russia
⁹²NRNU Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
⁹³Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United Kingdom
⁹⁴Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež u Prahy, Czech Republic
⁹⁵Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States
⁹⁶Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
⁹⁷Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia
⁹⁸Physics department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
⁹⁹Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
¹⁰⁰Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, India
¹⁰¹Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
¹⁰²Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
¹⁰³Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁰⁴Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
¹⁰⁵Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
¹⁰⁶Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
¹⁰⁷Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
¹⁰⁸Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, Russia
¹⁰⁹Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
¹¹⁰School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
¹¹¹Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
¹¹²St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
¹¹³Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, Austria
¹¹⁴SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France
¹¹⁵Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
¹¹⁶Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia
¹¹⁷Technische Universität München, Excellence Cluster ’Universe’, Munich, Germany
¹¹⁸The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland
¹¹⁹The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
¹²⁰Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
¹²¹Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
¹²²Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
¹²³Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil
¹²⁴University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
¹²⁵University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
¹²⁶University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
¹²⁷University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
¹²⁸University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
¹²⁹University of South-Eastern Norway, Tonsberg, Norway
¹³⁰University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
¹³¹University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
¹³²University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
¹³³University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
¹³⁴Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
¹³⁵Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
¹³⁶Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France, Strasbourg, France
¹³⁷Université Paris-Saclay Centre d’Etudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Départment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Saclay, France
¹³⁸Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy
¹³⁹Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
¹⁴⁰Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
¹⁴¹Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, India
¹⁴²Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
¹⁴³Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
¹⁴⁴Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, Germany
¹⁴⁵Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
¹⁴⁶Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
¹⁴⁷Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

^*Full author list given at the end of the article.
^aDeceased.
^bDipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.
^cM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear, Physics, Moscow, Russia.
^dDepartment of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
^eInstitute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Poland.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 012301 – Published 30 June, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.012301

Abstract

The first evidence of spin alignment of vector mesons ( $K^{* 0}$ and $ϕ$ ) in heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is reported. The spin density matrix element $ρ_{00}$ is measured at midrapidity ( $| y | < 0.5$ ) in Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy ( $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ ) of 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector. $ρ_{00}$ values are found to be less than $1 / 3$ ( $1 / 3$ implies no spin alignment) at low transverse momentum ( $p_{T} < 2 GeV / c$ ) for $K^{* 0}$ and $ϕ$ at a level of $3 σ$ and $2 σ$ , respectively. No significant spin alignment is observed for the $K_{S}^{0}$ meson ( $spin = 0$ ) in Pb-Pb collisions and for the vector mesons in $p p$ collisions. The measured spin alignment is unexpectedly large but qualitatively consistent with the expectation from models which attribute it to a polarization of quarks in the presence of angular momentum in heavy-ion collisions and a subsequent hadronization by the process of recombination.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Nuclear reactions

Article Text

Supplemental Material

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 012301– Published 30 June, 2020

Vol. 125, Iss. 1 — 3 July 2020

Received 21 November 2019
Revised 25 February 2020
Accepted 27 May 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.012301

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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Evidence of Spin-Orbital Angular Momentum Interactions in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

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