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    Universal Percolation Threshold Mixing Law in Fractured Porous Media: Unifying Shape and Size Polydispersity and Dimensionality Coupling

    Hui Yuan1, Huisu Chen1,*, Mingqi Li2, Jianjun Lin3, and Lin Liu4

    • 1State Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials for Major Infrastructure, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
    • 2School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
    • 3Hebei Province Engineering Research Center for Harmless Synergistic Treatment and Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
    • 4College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China

    • *Contact author: chenhs@seu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 087101 – Published 24 February, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/8phh-rl9x

    Abstract

    Percolation in fractured porous media is governed by the coupled connectivity of pores and fractures, yet simultaneously addressing mixed dimensionality and broad shape variability remains elusive. Here, we derive a mixing law for hybrid networks composed of overlapping 3D pores (superovoids) and 2D fractures (superovals) embedded in the same 3D domain. This law applies to constituent sets that permit polydispersity in size and shape within each constituent while maintaining equivalent size, namely Reqp=Reqf for monosized systems and Reqp,max=Reqf,max for polysized systems. We validate the prediction against our simulations and representative literature datasets across 2D, 3D, and mixed-dimensional settings. By revealing overlooked interdependencies within multidistribution couplings, it bridges theoretical frameworks with engineering applications, enabling morphology-targeted optimization for subsurface hydrology and nanocomposite design.

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