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    Orbital Description of Landau Levels

    Huan Wang (王欢)1,2, Rui Shi1,2, Zhaochen Liu1,2, and Jing Wang (王靖)1,2,3,4,*

    • 1State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
    • 2Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
    • 3Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
    • 4Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China

    • *Contact author: wjingphys@fudan.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 216604 – Published 19 November, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/8d4z-dy82

    Abstract

    The pursuit of a lattice analog for Landau levels has been a central theme in condensed matter physics. Although the correspondence between Chern bands and the lowest Landau level has been widely studied, a lattice realization of the first Landau level remains elusive. Here, we construct a minimal lattice model that provides a concrete orbital description of both the lowest and first Landau levels. Using maximally localized Wannier functions with s, p−, and p+ orbital character, we develop a three-orbital model in which the two lowest Chern bands are flat and each carries a Chern number C=1. The band topology arises from a sequence of ideal band inversions between Wannier states at the Γ and K points in momentum space, establishing an adiabatic connection between the atomic insulator limit and Landau level physics. Notably, many-body exact diagonalization reveals that the non-Abelian state can appear in the half-filled first Chern band. This construction can be further generalized to realize flat Chern bands analogous to higher Landau levels. Our results provide a new perspective on lattice analogs of Landau levels and may enable the exploration of fascinating topological phenomena at elevated temperatures.

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