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    Wideband Covariance Magnetometry below the Diffraction Limit

    Xuan Hoang Le1,2, Pavel E. Dolgirev1, Piotr Put1,2, Eric L. Peterson1, Arjun Pillai2, Alexander A. Zibrov1,2, Eugene Demler3, Hongkun Park1,2, and Mikhail D. Lukin1,*

    • 1Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
    • 2Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
    • 3Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland

    • *Contact author: lukin@physics.harvard.edu

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 170803 – Published 24 October, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/7xlj-52xt

    Abstract

    We experimentally demonstrate a method for measuring correlations of wideband magnetic signals with spatial resolution below the optical diffraction limit. Our technique employs two nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond as nanoscale magnetometers, spectrally resolved by inhomogeneous optical transitions. Using high-fidelity optical readout and long spin coherence time, we probe correlated megahertz-range noise with sensitivity of 15  nTHz−1/4. In addition, we use this system for correlated T1 relaxometry, enabling correlation measurements of gigahertz-range noise. Under such externally applied noise, while individual NV centers exhibit featureless relaxation, their correlation displays rich coherent and incoherent dynamics reminiscent of superradiance physics. This capability to probe high-frequency correlations provides a powerful tool for investigating a variety of condensed-matter phenomena characterized by nonlocal correlations.

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