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Observation and Control of Potential-Dependent Surface-State Formation at a Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interface via Optical Anisotropy

Marco Flieg and Margot Guidat

Matthias M. May*

  • Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany

  • Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors and Analytics LISA+, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany

  • *Contact author: matthias.may@uni-tuebingen.de
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 268001 – Published 22 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/7vfj-hl9f

Abstract

The interface between semiconductors and ion-conducting electrolytes is characterized by charge distributions and potential drops that vary substantially with the evolution of surface states. These surface states at the very interface to the liquid can form or be passivated, depending on the applied potential between electrode and electrolyte, and hereby fundamentally impact properties such as charge transfer. Characterization and understanding of such potential-dependent surface states with high spatial and temporal resolution is a significant challenge for the understanding and control of semiconductor-electrolyte interfaces. Here, we show that the optical anisotropy of InP(100) can be used to detect the potential-dependent formation of highly ordered surface states under operating conditions. Upon formation of a surface state in the band gap of the semiconductor, the potential drop and hence the electric field is shifted away from the semiconductor to the Helmholtz layer of the electrolyte. This modifies the instantaneous response of the optical anisotropy to disturbances of the applied potential. We propose an electrochemical variant of the linear electro-optical effect and our findings open a novel route for understanding these interfaces. The results show how surface states from surface reconstructions at this reactive interface can be switched on or off with the applied potential.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 268001– Published 22 December, 2025
  • Received 17 June 2025
  • Accepted 26 November 2025
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