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Breaking the Intrinsic Absorption Limit for Arbitrarily Thin Conductive Films at Grazing Incidence

Yuxuan Liu1,*, Ren-Hao Fan2,3,*, Dong-Xiang Qi2, Ruwen Peng2,3,†, Yun Lai2,3,‡, Mu Wang2,3,§, and Jie Luo1,3,∥

  • 1School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Frontier Material Physics and Devices, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
  • 2National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
  • 3Jiangsu Physical Science Research Center, Nanjing 210093, Nanjing, China

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: rwpeng@nju.edu.cn
  • ‡Contact author: laiyun@nju.edu.cn
  • §Contact author: muwang@nju.edu.cn
  • ∥Contact author: luojie@suda.edu.cn

Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 046902 – Published 28 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/71vr-lb26

Abstract

The absorption properties of ultrathin conductive films are of fundamental significance in electromagnetics and photonics, impacting applications from radar stealth to two-dimensional material optoelectronics. For decades, a 50% absorption limit has been considered intrinsic to such films in symmetric environments, regardless of frequency or incident angle. Here, we demonstrate the breaking of this long-standing limit under grazing incidence, where the absorption was regarded as negligible due to extreme impedance mismatch. We reveal a previously unknown absorption limit of 22−2≈82.8% for grazing transverse-magnetic waves on arbitrarily thin, highly conductive films. This exceptional absorption arises from a pseudo-Brewster effect with minimal reflection 3−22≈17.2% and vanishing skin depth of grazing waves. Remarkably, the enhanced absorption is sustained across an ultrabroad frequency range. Terahertz experiments using deep-subwavelength doped silicon wafers validate our theoretical predictions. These findings fundamentally advance our understanding of wave-matter interactions at deep-subwavelength scales and pave the way for extreme-angle photonic and electromagnetic devices.

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synopsis

Breaking the Absorption Limit

Published 28 January, 2026

Light grazing an ultrathin conductive film can be absorbed much more strongly than previously thought.

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