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    Quantum Geometric Fluctuation-Dissipation Relation for Nonlinear Transport

    Rui Wang1,*, Xinyue Liu1,*, Fuming Xu2,5, Jun Chen3,4,†, Lei Zhang1,4,‡, and Jian Wang2,5,6,§

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: chenjun@sxu.edu.cn
    • ‡Contact author: zhanglei@sxu.edu.cn
    • §Contact author: jianwang@hku.hk

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 137, 026301 – Published 8 July, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6qcc-wdtx

    Abstract

    The fluctuation-dissipation theorem connects equilibrium noise to linear response and forms a cornerstone of statistical and quantum physics, yet its extension to geometry-driven nonlinear transport remains largely unexplored. Here we establish a geometric fluctuation-dissipation relation linking dc current noise at linear order to second-order nonlinear responses—specifically shift and injection photocurrents—in the bulk photovoltaic effect of noncentrosymmetric gapped quantum materials. Using a microscopic density-matrix formalism, we show that linear dc current noise in the dc electric field arising from off-diagonal current correlations is universally governed by frequency-integrated nonlinear optical responses and is encoded in the quantum geometry of Bloch states. We further demonstrate that intrinsic and extrinsic noise contributions exhibit distinct symmetry properties and relaxation-time dependencies, corresponding respectively to shift and injection photocurrents. We derive analytical expressions in a generic two-band model and numerically verify them in the Haldane model. Our results establish dc current noise at linear order as a direct probe of quantum geometry and nonlinear optical response in gapped quantum materials, extending fluctuation-dissipation relations well beyond linear equilibrium transport.

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