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Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114

A. G. Abac ¹, I. Abouelfettouh², F. Acernese^3,4, K. Ackley ⁵, C. Adamcewicz ⁶, S. Adhicary ⁷, D. Adhikari^8,9, N. Adhikari ¹⁰, R. X. Adhikari ¹¹ et al. (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, and The KAGRA Collaboration^†)

R. X. Adhikari ¹¹, V. K. Adkins¹², S. Afroz ¹³, A. Agapito¹⁴, D. Agarwal ¹⁵, M. Agathos ¹⁶, N. Aggarwal¹⁷, S. Aggarwal¹⁸, O. D. Aguiar ¹⁹, I.-L. Ahrend²⁰, L. Aiello ^21,22, A. Ain ²³, P. Ajith ²⁴, T. Akutsu ^25,26, S. Albanesi ^27,28, W. Ali^29,30, S. Al-Kershi^8,9, C. Alléné³¹, A. Allocca ^32,4, S. Al-Shammari³³, P. A. Altin ³⁴, S. Alvarez-Lopez ³⁵, W. Amar³¹, O. Amarasinghe³³, A. Amato ^36,37, F. Amicucci ^38,39, C. Amra⁴⁰, A. Ananyeva¹¹, S. B. Anderson ¹¹, W. G. Anderson ¹¹, M. Andia ⁴¹, M. Ando⁴², M. Andrés-Carcasona ⁴³, T. Andrić ^44,45,8,9, J. Anglin⁴⁶, S. Ansoldi ^47,48, J. M. Antelis ⁴⁹, S. Antier ⁴¹, M. Aoumi⁵⁰, E. Z. Appavuravther^51,52, S. Appert¹¹, S. K. Apple ⁵³, K. Arai ¹¹, A. Araya ⁴², M. C. Araya ¹¹, M. Arca Sedda^44,45, J. S. Areeda ⁵⁴, N. Aritomi², F. Armato ^29,30, S. Armstrong ⁵⁵, N. Arnaud ⁵⁶, M. Arogeti ⁵⁷, S. M. Aronson ¹², K. G. Arun ⁵⁸, G. Ashton ⁵⁹, Y. Aso ^25,60, L. Asprea²⁸, M. Assiduo^61,62, S. Assis de Souza Melo⁶³, S. M. Aston⁶⁴, P. Astone ³⁸, F. Attadio ^39,38, F. Aubin ⁶⁵, K. AultONeal ⁶⁶, G. Avallone ⁶⁷, E. A. Avila ⁴⁹, S. Babak ²⁰, C. Badger⁶⁸, S. Bae ⁶⁹, S. Bagnasco ²⁸, L. Baiotti ⁷⁰, R. Bajpai ⁷¹, T. Baka^72,37, A. M. Baker⁶, K. A. Baker⁷³, T. Baker ⁷⁴, G. Baldi ^75,76, N. Baldicchi ^77,51, M. Ball⁷⁸, G. Ballardin⁶³, S. W. Ballmer⁷⁹, S. Banagiri ⁶, B. Banerjee ⁴⁴, D. Bankar ⁸⁰, T. M. Baptiste¹², P. Baral ¹⁰, M. Baratti ^81,82, J. C. Barayoga¹¹, B. C. Barish¹¹, D. Barker², N. Barman⁸⁰, P. Barneo ^83,84,85, F. Barone ^86,4, B. Barr ⁸⁷, L. Barsotti ³⁵, M. Barsuglia ²⁰, D. Barta ⁸⁸, A. M. Bartoletti⁸⁹, M. A. Barton ⁸⁷, I. Bartos⁴⁶, A. Basalaev ^8,9, R. Bassiri ⁹⁰, A. Basti ^82,81, M. Bawaj ^77,51, P. Baxi⁹¹, J. C. Bayley ⁸⁷, A. C. Baylor ¹⁰, P. A. Baynard, II⁵⁷, M. Bazzan^92,93, V. M. Bedakihale⁹⁴, F. Beirnaert ⁹⁵, M. Bejger ⁹⁶, D. Belardinelli ²², A. S. Bell ⁸⁷, D. S. Bellie⁹⁷, L. Bellizzi ^81,82, W. Benoit ¹⁸, I. Bentara ⁵⁶, J. D. Bentley ⁹⁸, M. Ben Yaala⁵⁵, S. Bera ^99,100, F. Bergamin ³³, B. K. Berger ⁹⁰, S. Bernuzzi ²⁷, M. Beroiz ¹¹, C. P. L. Berry ⁸⁷, D. Bersanetti ²⁹, T. Bertheas¹⁰¹, A. Bertolini^37,36, J. Betzwieser ⁶⁴, D. Beveridge ⁷³, G. Bevilacqua ¹⁰², N. Bevins ¹⁰³, S. Bhagwat¹¹⁹, R. Bhandare¹⁰⁴, R. Bhatt¹¹, D. Bhattacharjee ^105,106, S. Bhattacharyya¹⁰⁷, S. Bhaumik ⁴⁶, V. Biancalana ¹⁰², A. Bianchi^37,108, I. A. Bilenko¹⁰⁹, G. Billingsley ¹¹, A. Binetti ¹¹⁰, S. Bini ^11,75,76, C. Binu¹¹¹, S. Biot¹¹², O. Birnholtz ¹¹³, S. Biscoveanu ⁹⁷, A. Bisht⁹, M. Bitossi ^63,81, M.-A. Bizouard ¹¹⁴, S. Blaber¹¹⁵, J. K. Blackburn ¹¹, L. A. Blagg⁷⁸, C. D. Blair^73,64, D. G. Blair⁷³, N. Bode ^8,9, N. Boettner⁹⁸, G. Boileau ¹¹⁴, M. Boldrini ³⁸, G. N. Bolingbroke ¹¹⁶, A. Bolliand^117,40, L. D. Bonavena ⁴⁶, R. Bondarescu ⁸³, F. Bondu ¹¹⁸, E. Bonilla ⁹⁰, M. S. Bonilla ⁵⁴, A. Bonino¹¹⁹, R. Bonnand ^31,117, A. Borchers^8,9, S. Borhanian⁷, V. Boschi ⁸¹, S. Bose¹²⁰, V. Bossilkov⁶⁴, Y. Bothra ^37,108, A. Boudon⁵⁶, L. Bourg⁵⁷, M. Boyle¹²¹, A. Bozzi⁶³, C. Bradaschia⁸¹, P. R. Brady ¹⁰, A. Branch⁶⁴, M. Branchesi ^44,45, I. Braun¹⁰⁵, T. Briant ¹²², A. Brillet¹¹⁴, M. Brinkmann^8,9, P. Brockill¹⁰, E. Brockmueller ^8,9, A. F. Brooks ¹¹, B. C. Brown⁴⁶, D. D. Brown¹¹⁶, M. L. Brozzetti ^77,51, S. Brunett¹¹, G. Bruno¹⁵, R. Bruntz ¹²³, J. Bryant¹¹⁹, Y. Bu¹²⁴, F. Bucci ⁶², J. Buchanan¹²³, O. Bulashenko ^83,84, T. Bulik¹²⁵, H. J. Bulten³⁷, A. Buonanno ^126,1, K. Burtnyk², R. Buscicchio ^127,128, D. Buskulic³¹, C. Buy ¹⁰¹, R. L. Byer⁹⁰, G. S. Cabourn Davies⁷⁴, R. Cabrita ¹⁵, V. Cáceres-Barbosa ⁷, L. Cadonati ⁵⁷, G. Cagnoli ¹²⁹, C. Cahillane ⁷⁹, A. Calafat⁹⁹, T. A. Callister¹³⁰, E. Calloni^32,4, S. R. Callos ⁷⁸, G. Caneva Santoro⁴³, K. C. Cannon ⁴², H. Cao³⁵, L. A. Capistran¹³¹, E. Capocasa ²⁰, E. Capote ^2,11, G. Capurri ^82,81, G. Carapella^67,132, F. Carbognani⁶³, M. Carlassara^8,9, J. B. Carlin ¹²⁴, T. K. Carlson¹³³, M. F. Carney¹⁰⁵, M. Carpinelli ^127,63, G. Carrillo⁷⁸, J. J. Carter ^8,9, G. Carullo ^119,134, A. Casallas-Lagos¹³⁵, J. Casanueva Diaz⁶³, C. Casentini ^136,22, S. Y. Castro-Lucas¹³⁷, S. Caudill¹³³, M. Cavaglià ¹⁰⁶, R. Cavalieri ⁶³, A. Ceja⁵⁴, G. Cella ⁸¹, P. Cerdá-Durán ^138,139, E. Cesarini ²², N. Chabbra³⁴, W. Chaibi¹¹⁴, A. Chakraborty ¹³, P. Chakraborty ^8,9, S. Chakraborty¹⁰⁴, S. Chalathadka Subrahmanya⁹⁸, J. C. L. Chan ¹⁴⁰, M. Chan¹¹⁵, K. Chandra ⁷, K. Chang¹⁴¹, S. Chao ^142,141, P. Charlton ¹⁴³, E. Chassande-Mottin ²⁰, C. Chatterjee ¹⁴⁴, Debarati Chatterjee ⁸⁰, Deep Chatterjee ³⁵, M. Chaturvedi¹⁰⁴, S. Chaty ²⁰, A. Chen ¹⁴⁵, A. H.-Y. Chen¹⁴⁶, D. Chen ¹⁴⁷, H. Chen¹⁴², H. Y. Chen ¹⁴⁸, S. Chen¹⁴⁴, Yanbei Chen¹⁴⁹, Yitian Chen ¹²¹, H. P. Cheng¹⁵⁰, P. Chessa ^77,51, H. T. Cheung ⁹¹, S. Y. Cheung⁶, F. Chiadini ^151,132, G. Chiarini^8,9,93, A. Chiba¹⁵², A. Chincarini ²⁹, M. L. Chiofalo ^82,81, A. Chiummo ^4,63, C. Chou¹⁴⁶, S. Choudhary ⁷³, N. Christensen ^114,153, S. S. Y. Chua ³⁴, G. Ciani ^75,76, P. Ciecielag ⁹⁶, M. Cieślar ¹²⁵, M. Cifaldi ²², B. Cirok¹⁵⁴, F. Clara², A. Clark¹¹⁹, J. A. Clark ^11,57, T. A. Clarke ⁶, P. Clearwater¹⁵⁵, S. Clesse¹¹², F. Cleva^114,117, E. Coccia^44,45,43, E. Codazzo ^156,157, P.-F. Cohadon ¹²², S. Colace ³⁰, E. Colangeli⁷⁴, M. Colleoni ⁹⁹, C. G. Collette¹⁵⁸, J. Collins⁶⁴, S. Colloms ⁸⁷, A. Colombo ^159,128, C. M. Compton², G. Connolly⁷⁸, L. Conti ⁹³, T. R. Corbitt ¹², I. Cordero-Carrión ¹⁶⁰, S. Corezzi ^77,51, M. Corman ¹, N. J. Cornish ¹⁶¹, I. Coronado¹⁶², A. Corsi ¹⁶³, R. Cottingham⁶⁴, M. W. Coughlin ¹⁸, A. Couineaux³⁸, P. Couvares ^11,57, D. M. Coward⁷³, R. Coyne ¹⁶⁴, A. Cozzumbo⁴⁴, J. D. E. Creighton ¹⁰, T. D. Creighton¹⁶⁵, P. Cremonese ⁹⁹, S. Crook⁶⁴, R. Crouch², J. Csizmazia², J. R. Cudell ¹⁶⁶, T. J. Cullen ¹¹, A. Cumming ⁸⁷, E. Cuoco ^167,168, M. Cusinato ¹³⁸, L. V. Da Conceição¹⁶⁹, T. Dal Canton⁴¹, S. Dal Pra¹⁷⁰, G. Dálya ¹⁰¹, B. D’Angelo ²⁹, S. Danilishin ^36,37, S. D’Antonio ³⁸, K. Danzmann^9,8,9, K. E. Darroch¹²³, L. P. Dartez ⁶⁴, R. Das¹⁰⁷, A. Dasgupta⁹⁴, V. Dattilo ⁶³, A. Daumas²⁰, N. Davari^171,172, I. Dave¹⁰⁴, A. Davenport¹³⁷, M. Davier⁴¹, T. F. Davies⁷³, D. Davis ¹¹, L. Davis⁷³, M. C. Davis ¹⁸, P. Davis ^173,174, E. J. Daw ¹⁷⁵, M. Dax ¹, J. De Bolle ⁹⁵, M. Deenadayalan⁸⁰, J. Degallaix ¹⁷⁶, M. De Laurentis ^32,4, F. De Lillo ²³, S. Della Torre ¹²⁸, W. Del Pozzo ^82,81, A. Demagny³¹, F. De Marco ^39,38, G. Demasi^177,62, F. De Matteis ^21,22, N. Demos³⁵, T. Dent ¹⁷⁸, A. Depasse ¹⁵, N. DePergola¹⁰³, R. De Pietri ^179,180, R. De Rosa ^32,4, C. De Rossi ⁶³, M. Desai ³⁵, R. DeSalvo ¹⁸¹, A. DeSimone¹⁸², R. De Simone^151,132, A. Dhani ¹, R. Diab⁴⁶, M. C. Díaz ¹⁶⁵, M. Di Cesare ^32,4, G. Dideron¹⁸³, T. Dietrich ¹, L. Di Fiore⁴, C. Di Fronzo ⁷³, M. Di Giovanni ^39,38, T. Di Girolamo ^32,4, D. Diksha^37,36, J. Ding ^20,184, S. Di Pace ^39,38, I. Di Palma ^39,38, D. Di Piero^185,48, F. Di Renzo ⁵⁶, Divyajyoti³³, A. Dmitriev ¹¹⁹, J. P. Docherty⁸⁷, Z. Doctor ⁹⁷, N. Doerksen ¹⁶⁹, E. Dohmen², A. Doke¹³³, A. Domiciano De Souza¹⁸⁶, L. D’Onofrio ³⁸, F. Donovan³⁵, K. L. Dooley ³³, T. Dooney⁷², S. Doravari ⁸⁰, O. Dorosh¹⁸⁷, W. J. D. Doyle¹²³, M. Drago ^39,38, J. C. Driggers ², L. Dunn ¹²⁴, U. Dupletsa⁴⁴, P.-A. Duverne ²⁰, D. D’Urso ^171,156, P. Dutta Roy⁴⁶, H. Duval ¹⁸⁸, S. E. Dwyer², C. Eassa², W. E. East¹⁸³, M. Ebersold ^189,31, T. Eckhardt ⁹⁸, G. Eddolls ⁷⁹, A. Effler ⁶⁴, J. Eichholz ³⁴, H. Einsle¹¹⁴, M. Eisenmann²⁵, M. Emma ⁵⁹, K. Endo¹⁵², R. Enficiaud ¹, L. Errico ^32,4, R. Espinosa¹⁶⁵, M. Esposito ^4,32, R. C. Essick ¹⁹⁰, H. Estellés ¹, T. Etzel¹¹, M. Evans ³⁵, T. Evstafyeva¹⁸³, B. E. Ewing⁷, J. M. Ezquiaga ¹⁴⁰, F. Fabrizi ^61,62, V. Fafone ^21,22, S. Fairhurst ³³, A. M. Farah ¹³⁰, B. Farr ⁷⁸, W. M. Farr ^191,192, G. Favaro ⁹², M. Favata ¹⁹³, M. Fays ¹⁶⁶, M. Fazio ⁵⁵, J. Feicht¹¹, M. M. Fejer⁹⁰, R. Felicetti ^185,48, E. Fenyvesi ^88,194, J. Fernandes¹⁹⁵, T. Fernandes ^196,138, D. Fernando¹¹¹, S. Ferraiuolo ^197,39,38, T. A. Ferreira¹², F. Fidecaro ^82,81, P. Figura ⁹⁶, E. Finch¹¹, A. Fiori ^81,82, I. Fiori ⁶³, M. Fishbach ¹⁹⁰, R. P. Fisher¹²³, R. Fittipaldi ^198,132, V. Fiumara ^199,132, R. Flaminio³¹, S. M. Fleischer ²⁰⁰, L. S. Fleming²⁰¹, E. Floden¹⁸, H. Fong¹¹⁵, J. A. Font ^138,139, F. Fontinele-Nunes¹⁸, C. Foo¹, B. Fornal ²⁰², K. Franceschetti¹⁷⁹, N. Franchini³²⁰, F. Frappez³¹, S. Frasca^39,38, F. Frasconi ⁸¹, J. P. Freed⁶⁶, Z. Frei ²⁰³, A. Freise ^37,108, O. Freitas ^196,138, R. Frey ⁷⁸, W. Frischhertz⁶⁴, P. Fritschel³⁵, V. V. Frolov⁶⁴, G. G. Fronzé ²⁸, M. Fuentes-Garcia ¹¹, S. Fujii²⁰⁴, T. Fujimori²⁰⁵, P. Fulda⁴⁶, M. Fyffe⁶⁴, B. Gadre ⁷², J. R. Gair ¹, S. Galaudage ¹⁸⁶, V. Galdi²⁰⁶, R. Gamba⁷, A. Gamboa ¹, S. Gamoji¹⁸¹, D. Ganapathy ²⁰⁷, A. Ganguly ⁸⁰, B. Garaventa ²⁹, J. García-Bellido²⁰⁸, C. García-Quirós ¹⁸⁹, J. W. Gardner ³⁴, K. A. Gardner¹¹⁵, S. Garg⁴², J. Gargiulo ⁶³, X. Garrido ⁴¹, A. Garron ⁹⁹, F. Garufi ^32,4, P. A. Garver⁹⁰, C. Gasbarra ^21,22, B. Gateley², F. Gautier ²⁰⁹, V. Gayathri ¹⁰, T. Gayer⁷⁹, G. Gemme ²⁹, A. Gennai ⁸¹, V. Gennari ¹⁰¹, J. George¹⁰⁴, R. George ¹⁴⁸, O. Gerberding ⁹⁸, L. Gergely ¹⁵⁴, Archisman Ghosh ⁹⁵, Sayantan Ghosh¹⁹⁵, Shaon Ghosh ¹⁹³, Shrobana Ghosh^8,9, Suprovo Ghosh ²¹⁰, Tathagata Ghosh ⁸⁰, J. A. Giaime ^12,64, K. D. Giardina⁶⁴, D. R. Gibson²⁰¹, C. Gier ⁵⁵, S. Gkaitatzis ^82,81, J. Glanzer ¹¹, F. Glotin ⁴¹, J. Godfrey⁷⁸, R. V. Godley^8,9, P. Godwin ¹¹, A. S. Goettel ³³, E. Goetz ¹¹⁵, J. Golomb¹¹, S. Gomez Lopez^39,38, B. Goncharov ⁴⁴, G. González ¹², P. Goodarzi ²¹¹, S. Goode⁶, A. W. Goodwin-Jones ¹⁵, M. Gosselin⁶³, R. Gouaty ³¹, D. W. Gould³⁴, K. Govorkova³⁵, A. Grado ^77,51, V. Graham ⁸⁷, A. E. Granados ¹⁸, M. Granata ¹⁷⁶, V. Granata ^212,132, S. Gras³⁵, P. Grassia¹¹, J. Graves⁵⁷, C. Gray², R. Gray ⁸⁷, G. Greco⁵¹, A. C. Green ^37,108, L. Green²¹³, S. M. Green⁷⁴, S. R. Green ²¹⁴, C. Greenberg¹³³, A. M. Gretarsson⁶⁶, H. K. Griffin¹⁸, D. Griffith¹¹, H. L. Griggs ⁵⁷, G. Grignani^77,51, C. Grimaud ³¹, H. Grote ³³, S. Grunewald ¹, D. Guerra ¹³⁸, D. Guetta ²¹⁵, G. M. Guidi ^61,62, A. R. Guimaraes¹², H. K. Gulati⁹⁴, F. Gulminelli ^173,174, H. Guo ¹⁴⁵, W. Guo ⁷³, Y. Guo ^37,36, Anuradha Gupta ²¹⁶, I. Gupta ⁷, N. C. Gupta⁹⁴, S. K. Gupta⁴⁶, V. Gupta ¹⁸, N. Gupte¹, J. Gurs⁹⁸, N. Gutierrez¹⁷⁶, N. Guttman⁶, F. Guzman ¹³¹, D. Haba²¹⁷, M. Haberland ¹, S. Haino²¹⁸, E. D. Hall ³⁵, E. Z. Hamilton ⁹⁹, G. Hammond ⁸⁷, M. Haney³⁷, J. Hanks², C. Hanna ⁷, M. D. Hannam³³, O. A. Hannuksela ²¹⁹, A. G. Hanselman ¹³⁰, H. Hansen², J. Hanson⁶⁴, S. Hanumasagar⁵⁷, R. Harada⁴², A. R. Hardison¹⁸², S. Harikumar ¹⁸⁷, K. Haris^37,72, I. Harley-Trochimczyk¹³¹, T. Harmark ¹³⁴, J. Harms ^44,45, G. M. Harry ²²⁰, I. W. Harry ⁷⁴, J. Hart¹⁰⁵, B. Haskell^96,221,222, C. J. Haster ²¹³, K. Haughian ⁸⁷, H. Hayakawa⁵⁰, K. Hayama²²³, M. C. Heintze⁶⁴, J. Heinze ¹¹⁹, J. Heinzel³⁵, H. Heitmann ¹¹⁴, F. Hellman ²⁰⁷, A. F. Helmling-Cornell ⁷⁸, G. Hemming ⁶³, O. Henderson-Sapir ¹¹⁶, M. Hendry ⁸⁷, I. S. Heng⁸⁷, M. H. Hennig ⁸⁷, C. Henshaw ⁵⁷, M. Heurs ^8,9, A. L. Hewitt ^224,225, J. Heynen¹⁵, J. Heyns³⁵, S. Higginbotham³³, S. Hild^36,37, S. Hill⁸⁷, Y. Himemoto ²²⁶, N. Hirata²⁵, C. Hirose²²⁷, D. Hofman¹⁷⁶, B. E. Hogan⁶⁶, N. A. Holland^37,108, I. J. Hollows ¹⁷⁵, D. E. Holz ¹³⁰, L. Honet¹¹², D. J. Horton-Bailey²⁰⁷, J. Hough ⁸⁷, S. Hourihane ¹¹, N. T. Howard¹⁴⁴, E. J. Howell ⁷³, C. G. Hoy ⁷⁴, C. A. Hrishikesh²¹, P. Hsi³⁵, H.-F. Hsieh ¹⁴², H.-Y. Hsieh¹⁴², C. Hsiung²²⁸, S.-H. Hsu¹⁴⁶, W.-F. Hsu ¹¹⁰, Q. Hu ⁸⁷, H. Y. Huang ¹⁴¹, Y. Huang ⁷, Y. T. Huang⁷⁹, A. D. Huddart²²⁹, B. Hughey⁶⁶, V. Hui ³¹, S. Husa ⁹⁹, R. Huxford⁷, L. Iampieri ^39,38, G. A. Iandolo ³⁶, M. Ianni^22,21, G. Iannone ¹³², J. Iascau⁷⁸, K. Ide²³⁰, R. Iden²¹⁷, A. Ierardi^44,45, S. Ikeda¹⁴⁷, H. Imafuku⁴², Y. Inoue¹⁴¹, G. Iorio ⁹², P. Iosif ^185,48, M. H. Iqbal³⁴, J. Irwin ⁸⁷, R. Ishikawa²³⁰, M. Isi ¹⁹², K. S. Isleif ^231,321, Y. Itoh ^205,232, M. Iwaya²⁰⁴, B. R. Iyer ²⁴, C. Jacquet¹⁰¹, P.-E. Jacquet ¹²², T. Jacquot⁴¹, S. J. Jadhav²³³, S. P. Jadhav ¹⁵⁵, M. Jain¹³³, T. Jain²²⁴, A. L. James ¹¹, K. Jani ¹⁴⁴, J. Janquart ¹⁵, N. N. Janthalur²³³, S. Jaraba ²³⁴, P. Jaranowski ²³⁵, R. Jaume ⁹⁹, W. Javed³³, A. Jennings², M. Jensen², W. Jia³⁵, J. Jiang ¹⁵⁰, H.-B. Jin ^236,237, G. R. Johns¹²³, N. A. Johnson⁴⁶, N. Johnson-McDaniel²¹⁶, M. C. Johnston ²¹³, R. Johnston⁸⁷, N. Johny^8,9, D. H. Jones ³⁴, D. I. Jones²¹⁰, R. Jones⁸⁷, H. E. Jose⁷⁸, P. Joshi ⁷, S. K. Joshi⁸⁰, G. Joubert⁵⁶, J. Ju²³⁸, L. Ju ⁷³, K. Jung ²³⁹, J. Junker ³⁴, V. Juste¹¹², H. B. Kabagoz ^64,35, T. Kajita ²⁴⁰, I. Kaku²⁰⁵, V. Kalogera ⁹⁷, M. Kalomenopoulos ²¹³, M. Kamiizumi ⁵⁰, N. Kanda ^232,205, S. Kandhasamy ⁸⁰, G. Kang ²⁴¹, N. C. Kannachel⁶, J. B. Kanner¹¹, S. A. KantiMahanty¹⁸, S. J. Kapadia ⁸⁰, D. P. Kapasi ⁵⁴, M. Karthikeyan¹³³, M. Kasprzack ¹¹, H. Kato¹⁵², T. Kato²⁰⁴, E. Katsavounidis³⁵, W. Katzman⁶⁴, R. Kaushik ¹⁰⁴, K. Kawabe², R. Kawamoto²⁰⁵, D. Keitel ⁹⁹, L. J. Kemperman ¹¹⁶, J. Kennington ⁷, F. A. Kerkow¹⁸, R. Kesharwani ⁸⁰, J. S. Key ²⁴², R. Khadela^8,9, S. Khadka⁹⁰, S. S. Khadkikar⁷, F. Y. Khalili ¹⁰⁹, F. Khan ^8,9, T. Khanam¹⁶³, M. Khursheed¹⁰⁴, N. M. Khusid ^191,192, W. Kiendrebeogo ^114,243, N. Kijbunchoo ¹¹⁶, C. Kim²⁴⁴, J. C. Kim²⁴⁵, K. Kim ²⁴⁶, M. H. Kim ²³⁸, S. Kim ²⁴⁷, Y.-M. Kim ²⁴⁶, C. Kimball ⁹⁷, K. Kimes⁵⁴, M. Kinnear³³, J. S. Kissel ², S. Klimenko⁴⁶, A. M. Knee ¹¹⁵, E. J. Knox⁷⁸, N. Knust ^8,9, K. Kobayashi²⁰⁴, S. M. Koehlenbeck ⁹⁰, G. Koekoek^37,36, K. Kohri ^248,249, K. Kokeyama ^33,250, S. Koley ^44,166, P. Kolitsidou ¹¹⁹, A. E. Koloniari ²⁵¹, K. Komori ⁴², A. K. H. Kong ¹⁴², A. Kontos ²⁵², L. M. Koponen¹¹⁹, M. Korobko ⁹⁸, X. Kou¹⁸, A. Koushik ²³, N. Kouvatsos ⁶⁸, M. Kovalam⁷³, T. Koyama¹⁵², D. B. Kozak¹¹, S. L. Kranzhoff^36,37, V. Kringel^8,9, N. V. Krishnendu ¹¹⁹, S. Kroker²⁵³, A. Królak ^254,187, K. Kruska^8,9, J. Kubisz ²⁵⁵, G. Kuehn^8,9, S. Kulkarni ²¹⁶, A. Kulur Ramamohan³⁴, Achal Kumar⁴⁶, Anil Kumar²³³, Praveen Kumar ¹⁷⁸, Prayush Kumar ²⁴, Rahul Kumar², Rakesh Kumar⁹⁴, J. Kume ^256,257,42, K. Kuns ³⁵, N. Kuntimaddi³³, S. Kuroyanagi ^208,258, S. Kuwahara ⁴², K. Kwak ²³⁹, K. Kwan³⁴, S. Kwon ⁴², G. Lacaille⁸⁷, D. Laghi ^189,101, A. H. Laity¹⁶⁴, E. Lalande²⁵⁹, M. Lalleman ²³, P. C. Lalremruati²⁶⁰, M. Landry², B. B. Lane³⁵, R. N. Lang ³⁵, J. Lange¹⁴⁸, R. Langgin ²¹³, B. Lantz ⁹⁰, I. La Rosa ⁹⁹, J. Larsen²⁰⁰, A. Lartaux-Vollard ⁴¹, P. D. Lasky ⁶, J. Lawrence ¹⁶⁵, M. Laxen ⁶⁴, C. Lazarte ¹³⁸, A. Lazzarini ¹¹, C. Lazzaro^157,156, P. Leaci ^39,38, L. Leali¹⁸, Y. K. Lecoeuche ¹¹⁵, H. M. Lee ²⁶¹, H. W. Lee ²⁶², J. Lee⁷⁹, K. Lee ²³⁸, R.-K. Lee ¹⁴², R. Lee³⁵, Sungho Lee ²⁴⁶, Sunjae Lee²³⁸, Y. Lee¹⁴¹, I. N. Legred¹¹, J. Lehmann^8,9, L. Lehner¹⁸³, M. Le Jean ^176,117, A. Lemaître²⁶³, M. Lenti ^62,177, M. Leonardi ^75,76,264, M. Lequime⁴⁰, N. Leroy ⁴¹, M. Lesovsky¹¹, N. Letendre³¹, M. Lethuillier ⁵⁶, Y. Levin⁶, K. Leyde⁷⁴, A. K. Y. Li¹¹, K. L. Li ²⁶⁵, T. G. F. Li¹¹⁰, X. Li ¹⁴⁹, Y. Li⁹⁷, Z. Li⁸⁷, A. Lihos¹²³, E. T. Lin ¹⁴², F. Lin¹⁴¹, L. C.-C. Lin ²⁶⁵, Y.-C. Lin ¹⁴², C. Lindsay²⁰¹, S. D. Linker¹⁸¹, A. Liu ²¹⁹, G. C. Liu ²²⁸, Jian Liu ⁷³, F. Llamas Villarreal¹⁶⁵, J. Llobera-Querol ⁹⁹, R. K. L. Lo ¹⁴⁰, J.-P. Locquet¹¹⁰, S. C. G. Loggins²⁶⁶, M. R. Loizou¹³³, L. T. London⁶⁸, A. Longo ^61,62, D. Lopez ¹⁶⁶, M. Lopez Portilla⁷², A. Lorenzo-Medina ¹⁷⁸, V. Loriette⁴¹, M. Lormand⁶⁴, G. Losurdo ^267,81, E. Lotti¹³³, T. P. Lott, IV⁵⁷, J. D. Lough ^8,9, H. A. Loughlin³⁵, C. O. Lousto ¹¹¹, N. Low¹²⁴, N. Lu ³⁴, L. Lucchesi ⁸¹, H. Lück^9,8,9, D. Lumaca ²², A. P. Lundgren ^268,269, A. W. Lussier ²⁵⁹, S. Ma¹⁸³, R. Macas ⁷⁴, M. MacInnis³⁵, D. M. Macleod ³³, I. A. O. MacMillan ¹¹, A. Macquet ⁴¹, K. Maeda¹⁵², S. Maenaut ¹¹⁰, S. S. Magare⁸⁰, R. M. Magee ¹¹, E. Maggio ¹, R. Maggiore^37,108, M. Magnozzi ^29,30, P. Mahapatra ³³, M. Mahesh⁹⁸, M. Maini¹⁶⁴, S. Majhi⁸⁰, E. Majorana^39,38, C. N. Makarem¹¹, D. Malakar ¹⁰⁶, J. A. Malaquias-Reis¹⁹, U. Mali ¹⁹⁰, S. Maliakal¹¹, A. Malik¹⁰⁴, L. Mallick ^169,190, A.-K. Malz ⁵⁹, N. Man¹¹⁴, M. Mancarella ¹⁰⁰, V. Mandic ¹⁸, V. Mangano ^171,156, B. Mannix⁷⁸, G. L. Mansell ⁷⁹, M. Manske ¹⁰, M. Mantovani ⁶³, M. Mapelli ^92,93,270, C. Marinelli ¹⁰², F. Marion ³¹, A. S. Markosyan⁹⁰, A. Markowitz¹¹, E. Maros¹¹, S. Marsat ¹⁰¹, F. Martelli ^61,62, I. W. Martin ⁸⁷, R. M. Martin ¹⁹³, B. B. Martinez¹³¹, D. A. Martinez⁵⁴, M. Martinez^43,271, V. Martinez ¹²⁹, A. Martini^75,76, J. C. Martins ¹⁹, D. V. Martynov¹¹⁹, E. J. Marx³⁵, L. Massaro^36,37, A. Masserot³¹, M. Masso-Reid ⁸⁷, S. Mastrogiovanni ³⁸, T. Matcovich ⁵¹, M. Matiushechkina ^8,9, L. Maurin²⁰⁹, N. Mavalvala ³⁵, N. Maxwell², G. McCarrol⁶⁴, R. McCarthy², D. E. McClelland ³⁴, S. McCormick⁶⁴, L. McCuller ¹¹, S. McEachin¹²³, C. McElhenny¹²³, G. I. McGhee ⁸⁷, J. McGinn⁸⁷, K. B. M. McGowan¹⁴⁴, J. McIver ¹¹⁵, A. McLeod ⁷³, I. McMahon ¹⁸⁹, T. McRae³⁴, R. McTeague ⁸⁷, D. Meacher ¹⁰, B. N. Meagher⁷⁹, R. Mechum¹¹¹, Q. Meijer⁷², A. Melatos¹²⁴, C. S. Menoni ¹³⁷, F. Mera², R. A. Mercer ¹⁰, L. Mereni¹⁷⁶, K. Merfeld¹⁶³, E. L. Merilh⁶⁴, J. R. Mérou ⁹⁹, J. D. Merritt⁷⁸, M. Merzougui¹¹⁴, C. Messick ¹⁰, B. Mestichelli⁴⁴, M. Meyer-Conde ²⁷², F. Meylahn ^8,9, A. Mhaske⁸⁰, A. Miani ^75,76, H. Miao²⁷³, C. Michel ¹⁷⁶, Y. Michimura ⁴², H. Middleton ¹¹⁹, D. P. Mihaylov ¹⁰⁵, S. J. Miller ¹¹, M. Millhouse ⁵⁷, E. Milotti ^185,48, V. Milotti ⁹², Y. Minenkov²², E. M. Minihan⁶⁶, Ll. M. Mir ⁴³, L. Mirasola ^156,157, M. Miravet-Tenés ¹³⁸, C.-A. Miritescu ⁴³, A. Mishra²⁴, C. Mishra ¹⁰⁷, T. Mishra ⁴⁶, A. L. Mitchell^37,108, J. G. Mitchell⁶⁶, K. Mitman ¹²¹, S. Mitra ⁸⁰, V. P. Mitrofanov ¹⁰⁹, K. Mitsuhashi²⁵, R. Mittleman³⁵, O. Miyakawa ⁵⁰, S. Miyoki ⁵⁰, A. Miyoko⁶⁶, G. Mo ³⁵, L. Mobilia ^61,62, S. R. P. Mohapatra¹¹, S. R. Mohite ⁷, M. Molina-Ruiz ²⁰⁷, M. Mondin¹⁸¹, M. Montani^61,62, C. J. Moore²²⁴, D. Moraru², A. More ⁸⁰, S. More ⁸⁰, C. Moreno ¹³⁵, E. A. Moreno ³⁵, G. Moreno², A. Moreso Serra⁸³, S. Morisaki ^42,204, Y. Moriwaki ¹⁵², G. Morras ²⁰⁸, A. Moscatello ⁹², M. Mould ³⁵, B. Mours ⁶⁵, C. M. Mow-Lowry ^37,108, L. Muccillo ^177,62, F. Muciaccia ^39,38, D. Mukherjee ¹¹⁹, Samanwaya Mukherjee²⁴, Soma Mukherjee¹⁶⁵, Subroto Mukherjee⁹⁴, Suvodip Mukherjee ¹³, N. Mukund ³⁵, A. Mullavey⁶⁴, H. Mullock¹¹⁵, J. Mundi²²⁰, C. L. Mungioli⁷³, M. Murakoshi²³⁰, P. G. Murray ⁸⁷, D. Nabari ^75,76, S. L. Nadji^8,9, A. Nagar^28,274, N. Nagarajan ⁸⁷, K. Nakagaki⁵⁰, K. Nakamura ²⁵, H. Nakano ²⁷⁵, M. Nakano¹¹, D. Nanadoumgar-Lacroze ⁴³, D. Nandi¹², V. Napolano⁶³, P. Narayan ²¹⁶, I. Nardecchia ²², T. Narikawa²⁰⁴, H. Narola⁷², L. Naticchioni ³⁸, R. K. Nayak ²⁶⁰, L. Negri⁷², A. Nela⁸⁷, C. Nelle⁷⁸, A. Nelson ¹³¹, T. J. N. Nelson⁶⁴, M. Nery^8,9, A. Neunzert ², S. Ng⁵⁴, L. Nguyen Quynh²⁷⁶, S. A. Nichols¹², A. B. Nielsen ²⁷⁷, Y. Nishino^25,42, A. Nishizawa ²⁷⁸, S. Nissanke^279,37, W. Niu ⁷, F. Nocera⁶³, J. Noller²⁸⁰, M. Norman³³, C. North³³, J. Novak ^117,234,281, R. Nowicki ¹⁴⁴, J. F. Nuño Siles²⁰⁸, L. K. Nuttall ⁷⁴, K. Obayashi²³⁰, J. Oberling ², J. O’Dell²²⁹, E. Oelker ³⁵, M. Oertel ^{234,117,282,281}, G. Oganesyan^44,45, T. O’Hanlon⁶⁴, M. Ohashi ⁵⁰, F. Ohme ^8,9, R. Oliveri ^117,282,281, R. Omer¹⁸, B. O’Neal¹²³, M. Onishi¹⁵², K. Oohara ²⁸³, B. O’Reilly ⁶⁴, M. Orselli ^51,77, R. O’Shaughnessy ¹¹¹, S. O’Shea⁸⁷, S. Oshino ⁵⁰, C. Osthelder¹¹, I. Ota ¹², D. J. Ottaway ¹¹⁶, A. Ouzriat⁵⁶, H. Overmier⁶⁴, B. J. Owen ²⁸⁴, R. Ozaki²³⁰, A. E. Pace ⁷, R. Pagano ¹², M. A. Page ²⁵, A. Pai ¹⁹⁵, L. Paiella⁴⁴, A. Pal²⁸⁵, S. Pal ²⁶⁰, M. A. Palaia ^81,82, M. Pálfi²⁰³, P. P. Palma^39,21,22, C. Palomba ³⁸, P. Palud ²⁰, H. Pan¹⁴², J. Pan⁷³, K. C. Pan ¹⁴², P. K. Panda²³³, Shiksha Pandey⁷, Swadha Pandey³⁵, P. T. H. Pang^37,72, F. Pannarale ^39,38, K. A. Pannone⁵⁴, B. C. Pant¹⁰⁴, F. H. Panther⁷³, M. Panzeri^61,62, F. Paoletti ⁸¹, A. Paolone ^38,286, A. Papadopoulos ⁸⁷, E. E. Papalexakis²¹¹, L. Papalini ^81,82, G. Papigkiotis ²⁵¹, A. Paquis⁴¹, A. Parisi ^77,51, B.-J. Park²⁴⁶, J. Park ²⁸⁷, W. Parker ⁶⁴, G. Pascale^8,9, D. Pascucci ⁹⁵, A. Pasqualetti ⁶³, R. Passaquieti ^82,81, L. Passenger⁶, D. Passuello⁸¹, O. Patane ², A. V. Patel ¹⁴¹, D. Pathak⁸⁰, A. Patra³³, B. Patricelli ^82,81, B. G. Patterson³³, K. Paul ¹⁰⁷, S. Paul ⁷⁸, E. Payne ¹¹, T. Pearce³³, M. Pedraza¹¹, A. Pele ¹¹, F. E. Peña Arellano²⁸⁸, X. Peng¹¹⁹, Y. Peng⁵⁷, S. Penn ²⁸⁹, M. D. Penuliar⁵⁴, A. Perego ^75,76, Z. Pereira¹³³, C. Périgois ^290,93,92, G. Perna ⁹², A. Perreca ^75,76,44, J. Perret ²⁰, S. Perriès ⁵⁶, J. W. Perry^37,108, D. Pesios²⁵¹, S. Peters¹⁶⁶, S. Petracca²⁰⁶, C. Petrillo⁷⁷, H. P. Pfeiffer ¹, H. Pham⁶⁴, K. A. Pham ¹⁸, K. S. Phukon ¹¹⁹, H. Phurailatpam²¹⁹, M. Piarulli¹⁰¹, L. Piccari ^39,38, O. J. Piccinni ³⁴, M. Pichot ¹¹⁴, M. Piendibene ^82,81, F. Piergiovanni ^61,62, L. Pierini ³⁸, G. Pierra ³⁸, V. Pierro ^291,132, M. Pietrzak⁹⁶, M. Pillas ¹⁶⁶, F. Pilo ⁸¹, L. Pinard ¹⁷⁶, I. M. Pinto ^{291,132,292,32}, M. Pinto ⁶³, B. J. Piotrzkowski ¹⁰, M. Pirello², M. D. Pitkin ^224,87, A. Placidi ⁵¹, E. Placidi ^39,38, M. L. Planas ⁹⁹, W. Plastino ^212,22, C. Plunkett ³⁵, R. Poggiani ^82,81, E. Polini³⁵, J. Pomper^81,82, L. Pompili ¹, J. Poon²¹⁹, E. Porcelli³⁷, E. K. Porter²⁰, C. Posnansky ⁷, R. Poulton ⁶³, J. Powell ¹⁵⁵, G. S. Prabhu⁸⁰, M. Pracchia ¹⁶⁶, B. K. Pradhan ⁸⁰, T. Pradier ⁶⁵, A. K. Prajapati⁹⁴, V. Prasad⁷, K. Prasai ²⁹³, R. Prasanna²³³, P. Prasia⁸⁰, G. Pratten ¹¹⁹, G. Principe ^185,48, G. A. Prodi ^75,76, P. Prosperi⁸¹, P. Prosposito^21,22, A. C. Providence⁶⁶, A. Puecher ¹, J. Pullin ¹², P. Puppo³⁸, M. Pürrer ¹⁶⁴, H. Qi ¹⁶, J. Qin ³⁴, G. Quéméner ^174,117, V. Quetschke¹⁶⁵, P. J. Quinonez⁶⁶, N. Qutob⁵⁷, R. Rading²³¹, I. Rainho¹³⁸, S. Raja¹⁰⁴, C. Rajan¹⁰⁴, B. Rajbhandari ¹¹¹, K. E. Ramirez ⁶⁴, F. A. Ramis Vidal⁹⁹, M. Ramos Arevalo¹⁶⁵, A. Ramos-Buades ^99,37, S. Ranjan ⁵⁷, K. Ransom⁶⁴, P. Rapagnani ^39,38, B. Ratto⁶⁶, A. Ravichandran¹³³, A. Ray ⁹⁷, V. Raymond ³³, M. Razzano ^82,81, J. Read⁵⁴, T. Regimbau³¹, S. Reid⁵⁵, C. Reissel³⁵, D. H. Reitze ¹¹, A. I. Renzini ^127,11, B. Revenu ^294,41, A. Revilla Peña⁸³, R. Reyes¹⁸¹, L. Ricca ¹⁵, F. Ricci ^39,38, M. Ricci ^38,39, A. Ricciardone ^82,81, J. Rice⁷⁹, J. W. Richardson ²¹¹, M. L. Richardson¹¹⁶, A. Rijal⁶⁶, K. Riles ⁹¹, H. K. Riley³³, S. Rinaldi ²⁷⁰, J. Rittmeyer⁹⁸, C. Robertson²²⁹, F. Robinet⁴¹, M. Robinson², A. Rocchi ²², L. Rolland ³¹, J. G. Rollins ¹¹, A. E. Romano ²⁹⁵, R. Romano ^3,4, A. Romero ³¹, I. M. Romero-Shaw²²⁴, J. H. Romie⁶⁴, S. Ronchini ⁷, T. J. Roocke ¹¹⁶, L. Rosa^4,32, T. J. Rosauer²¹¹, C. A. Rose⁵⁷, D. Rosińska ¹²⁵, M. P. Ross ⁵³, M. Rossello-Sastre ⁹⁹, S. Rowan ⁸⁷, S. K. Roy ^191,192, S. Roy ¹⁵, D. Rozza ^127,128, P. Ruggi⁶³, N. Ruhama²³⁹, E. Ruiz Morales^296,208, K. Ruiz-Rocha¹⁴⁴, S. Sachdev ⁵⁷, T. Sadecki², P. Saffarieh ^37,108, S. Safi-Harb ¹⁶⁹, M. R. Sah ¹³, S. Saha ¹⁴², T. Sainrat ⁶⁵, S. Sajith Menon^215,39,38, K. Sakai²⁹⁷, Y. Sakai ²⁷², M. Sakellariadou ⁶⁸, S. Sakon ⁷, O. S. Salafia ^159,128,127, F. Salces-Carcoba ¹¹, L. Salconi⁶³, M. Saleem ¹⁴⁸, F. Salemi ^39,38, M. Sallé ³⁷, S. U. Salunkhe⁸⁰, S. Salvador ^174,173, A. Salvarese¹⁴⁸, A. Samajdar ^72,37, A. Sanchez², E. J. Sanchez¹¹, L. E. Sanchez¹¹, N. Sanchis-Gual ¹³⁸, J. R. Sanders¹⁸², E. M. Sänger ¹, F. Santoliquido ^44,45, F. Sarandrea²⁸, T. R. Saravanan⁸⁰, N. Sarin⁶, P. Sarkar^8,9, A. Sasli ²⁵¹, P. Sassi ^51,77, B. Sassolas ¹⁷⁶, B. S. Sathyaprakash ^7,33, R. Sato²²⁷, S. Sato¹⁵², Yukino Sato¹⁵², Yu Sato¹⁵², O. Sauter ⁴⁶, R. L. Savage ², T. Sawada ⁵⁰, H. L. Sawant⁸⁰, S. Sayah¹⁷⁶, V. Scacco^21,22, D. Schaetzl¹¹, M. Scheel¹⁴⁹, A. Schiebelbein¹⁹⁰, M. G. Schiworski ⁷⁹, P. Schmidt ¹¹⁹, S. Schmidt ⁷², R. Schnabel ⁹⁸, M. Schneewind^8,9, F. Schiettekatte²⁵⁹, R. M. S. Schofield⁷⁸, K. Schouteden ¹¹⁰, B. W. Schulte^8,9, B. F. Schutz^33,8,9, E. Schwartz ²⁹⁸, M. Scialpi ²⁹⁹, J. Scott ⁸⁷, S. M. Scott ³⁴, R. M. Sedas ⁶⁴, T. C. Seetharamu⁸⁷, M. Seglar-Arroyo ⁴³, Y. Sekiguchi ³⁰⁰, D. Sellers⁶⁴, N. Sembo²⁰⁵, A. S. Sengupta ³⁰¹, E. G. Seo ⁸⁷, J. W. Seo ¹¹⁰, V. Sequino^32,4, M. Serra ³⁸, A. Sevrin¹⁸⁸, T. Shaffer², U. S. Shah ⁵⁷, M. A. Shaikh ²⁶¹, L. Shao ³⁰², A. K. Sharma ⁹⁹, Preeti Sharma¹², Prianka Sharma¹⁰⁴, Ritwik Sharma¹⁸, S. Sharma Chaudhary¹⁰⁶, P. Shawhan ¹²⁶, N. S. Shcheblanov ^303,263, E. Sheridan¹⁴⁴, Z.-H. Shi¹⁴², M. Shikauchi⁴², R. Shimomura³⁰⁴, H. Shinkai ³⁰⁴, S. Shirke⁸⁰, D. H. Shoemaker ³⁵, D. M. Shoemaker ¹⁴⁸, R. W. Short², S. ShyamSundar¹⁰⁴, A. Sider¹⁵⁸, H. Siegel ^191,192, D. Sigg ², L. Silenzi ^36,37, L. Silvestri ^39,170, M. Simmonds¹¹⁶, L. P. Singer ³⁰⁵, Amitesh Singh²¹⁶, Anika Singh¹¹, D. Singh ²⁰⁷, N. Singh ⁹⁹, S. Singh^217,60, A. M. Sintes ⁹⁹, V. Sipala^171,156, V. Skliris ³³, B. J. J. Slagmolen ³⁴, D. A. Slater²⁰⁰, T. J. Slaven-Blair⁷³, J. Smetana¹¹⁹, J. R. Smith ⁵⁴, L. Smith ^87,185,48, R. J. E. Smith ⁶, W. J. Smith ¹⁴⁴, S. Soares de Albuquerque Filho⁶¹, M. Soares-Santos¹⁸⁹, K. Somiya ²¹⁷, I. Song ¹⁴², S. Soni ³⁵, V. Sordini ⁵⁶, F. Sorrentino²⁹, H. Sotani ³⁰⁶, F. Spada ⁸¹, V. Spagnuolo ³⁷, A. P. Spencer ⁸⁷, P. Spinicelli ⁶³, A. K. Srivastava⁹⁴, F. Stachurski ⁸⁷, C. J. Stark¹²³, D. A. Steer ³⁰⁷, N. Steinle ¹⁶⁹, J. Steinlechner^36,37, S. Steinlechner ^36,37, N. Stergioulas ²⁵¹, P. Stevens⁴¹, S. P. Stevenson ¹⁵⁵, M. StPierre¹⁶⁴, M. D. Strong¹², A. Strunk², A. L. Stuver ^103,‡, M. Suchenek⁹⁶, S. Sudhagar ⁹⁶, Y. Sudo²³⁰, N. Sueltmann⁹⁸, L. Suleiman ⁵⁴, K. D. Sullivan¹², J. Sun ²⁴¹, L. Sun ³⁴, S. Sunil⁹⁴, J. Suresh ¹¹⁴, B. J. Sutton⁶⁸, P. J. Sutton ³³, K. Suzuki²¹⁷, M. Suzuki²⁰⁴, S. N. Swain¹¹⁹, B. L. Swinkels ³⁷, A. Syx ¹¹⁷, M. J. Szczepańczyk ³⁰⁸, P. Szewczyk ¹²⁵, M. Tacca ³⁷, H. Tagoshi ²⁰⁴, K. Takada²⁰⁴, H. Takahashi ²⁷², R. Takahashi ²⁵, A. Takamori ⁴², S. Takano ³⁰⁹, H. Takeda ^310,311, K. Takeshita²¹⁷, I. Takimoto Schmiegelow^44,45, M. Takou-Ayaoh⁷⁹, C. Talbot¹³⁰, M. Tamaki²⁰⁴, N. Tamanini ¹⁰¹, D. Tanabe¹⁴¹, K. Tanaka⁵⁰, S. J. Tanaka ²³⁰, S. Tanioka ³³, D. B. Tanner⁴⁶, W. Tanner^8,9, L. Tao ²¹¹, R. D. Tapia⁷, E. N. Tapia San Martín³⁷, C. Taranto^21,22, A. Taruya ³¹², J. D. Tasson ¹⁵³, J. G. Tau ¹¹¹, D. Tellez⁵⁴, R. Tenorio ⁹⁹, H. Themann¹⁸¹, A. Theodoropoulos ¹³⁸, M. P. Thirugnanasambandam⁸⁰, L. M. Thomas ¹¹, M. Thomas⁶⁴, P. Thomas², J. E. Thompson ²¹⁰, S. R. Thondapu¹⁰⁴, K. A. Thorne⁶⁴, E. Thrane ⁶, J. Tissino ^44,45, A. Tiwari⁸⁰, Pawan Tiwari⁴⁴, Praveer Tiwari¹⁹⁵, S. Tiwari ¹⁸⁹, V. Tiwari ¹¹⁹, M. R. Todd⁷⁹, M. Toffano⁹², A. M. Toivonen ¹⁸, K. Toland ⁸⁷, A. E. Tolley ⁷⁴, T. Tomaru ²⁵, V. Tommasini¹¹, T. Tomura ⁵⁰, H. Tong ⁶, C. Tong-Yu¹⁴¹, A. Torres-Forné ^138,139, C. I. Torrie¹¹, I. Tosta e Melo³¹³, E. Tournefier ³¹, M. Trad Nery¹¹⁴, K. Tran¹²³, A. Trapananti ^52,51, R. Travaglini ¹⁶⁸, F. Travasso ^52,51, G. Traylor⁶⁴, M. Trevor¹²⁶, M. C. Tringali ⁶³, A. Tripathee ⁹¹, G. Troian ^185,48, A. Trovato ^185,48, L. Trozzo⁴, R. J. Trudeau¹¹, T. Tsang ³³, S. Tsuchida ³¹⁴, L. Tsukada ²¹³, K. Turbang ^188,23, M. Turconi ¹¹⁴, C. Turski⁹⁵, H. Ubach ^83,84, N. Uchikata ²⁰⁴, T. Uchiyama ⁵⁰, R. P. Udall ¹¹, T. Uehara ³¹⁵, K. Ueno ⁴², V. Undheim ²⁷⁷, L. E. Uronen²¹⁹, T. Ushiba ⁵⁰, M. Vacatello ^81,82, H. Vahlbruch ^8,9, N. Vaidya ¹¹, G. Vajente ¹¹, A. Vajpeyi⁶, J. Valencia ⁹⁹, M. Valentini ^108,37, S. A. Vallejo-Peña ²⁹⁵, S. Vallero²⁸, V. Valsan ¹⁰, M. van Dael ^37,316, E. Van den Bossche ¹⁸⁸, J. F. J. van den Brand ^36,108,37, C. Van Den Broeck^72,37, M. van der Sluys ^37,72, A. Van de Walle⁴¹, J. van Dongen ^37,108, K. Vandra¹⁰³, M. VanDyke¹²⁰, H. van Haevermaet ²³, J. V. van Heijningen ^37,108, P. Van Hove ⁶⁵, J. Vanier²⁵⁹, M. VanKeuren¹⁰⁵, J. Vanosky², N. van Remortel ²³, M. Vardaro^36,37, A. F. Vargas ¹²⁴, V. Varma ¹³³, A. N. Vazquez⁹⁰, A. Vecchio ¹¹⁹, G. Vedovato⁹³, J. Veitch ⁸⁷, P. J. Veitch ¹¹⁶, S. Venikoudis¹⁵, R. C. Venterea ¹⁸, P. Verdier ⁵⁶, M. Vereecken¹⁵, D. Verkindt ³¹, B. Verma¹³³, Y. Verma ¹⁰⁴, S. M. Vermeulen ¹¹, F. Vetrano⁶¹, A. Veutro ^38,39, A. Viceré ^61,62, S. Vidyant⁷⁹, A. D. Viets ⁸⁹, A. Vijaykumar ¹⁹⁰, A. Vilkha¹¹¹, N. Villanueva Espinosa¹³⁸, V. Villa-Ortega ¹⁷⁸, E. T. Vincent ⁵⁷, J.-Y. Vinet¹¹⁴, S. Viret⁵⁶, S. Vitale ³⁵, H. Vocca ^77,51, D. Voigt ⁹⁸, E. R. G. von Reis², J. S. A. von Wrangel^8,9, W. E. Vossius²³¹, L. Vujeva ¹⁴⁰, S. P. Vyatchanin ¹⁰⁹, J. Wack¹¹, L. E. Wade¹⁰⁵, M. Wade ¹⁰⁵, K. J. Wagner ¹¹¹, L. Wallace¹¹, E. J. Wang⁹⁰, H. Wang ²¹⁷, J. Z. Wang⁹¹, W. H. Wang¹⁶⁵, Y. F. Wang ¹, G. Waratkar ¹⁹⁵, J. Warner², M. Was ³¹, T. Washimi ²⁵, N. Y. Washington¹¹, D. Watarai⁴², B. Weaver², S. A. Webster⁸⁷, N. L. Weickhardt ⁹⁸, M. Weinert^8,9, A. J. Weinstein ¹¹, R. Weiss³⁵, L. Wen ⁷³, K. Wette ³⁴, J. T. Whelan ¹¹¹, B. F. Whiting ⁴⁶, C. L. Whittall¹¹⁹, C. Whittle ¹¹, E. G. Wickens⁷⁴, D. Wilken ^8,9,9, A. T. Wilkin²¹¹, B. M. Williams¹²⁰, D. Williams ⁸⁷, M. J. Williams ⁷⁴, N. S. Williams ¹, J. L. Willis ¹¹, B. Willke ^9,8,9, M. Wils ¹¹⁰, L. Wilson¹⁰⁵, C. W. Winborn¹⁰⁶, J. Winterflood⁷³, C. C. Wipf¹¹, G. Woan ⁸⁷, J. Woehler^36,37, N. E. Wolfe³⁵, H. T. Wong ¹⁴¹, I. C. F. Wong ^219,110, K. Wong¹⁹⁰, T. Wouters^72,37, J. L. Wright², M. Wright ^87,72, B. Wu⁷⁹, C. Wu ¹⁴², D. S. Wu ^8,9, H. Wu ¹⁴², K. Wu¹²⁰, Q. Wu⁵³, Y. Wu⁹⁷, Z. Wu ¹⁰¹, E. Wuchner⁵⁴, D. M. Wysocki ¹⁰, V. A. Xu ²⁰⁷, Y. Xu ⁹⁹, N. Yadav ²⁸, H. Yamamoto ¹¹, K. Yamamoto ¹⁵², T. S. Yamamoto ⁴², T. Yamamoto ⁵⁰, R. Yamazaki ²³⁰, T. Yan¹¹⁹, K. Z. Yang ¹⁸, Y. Yang ¹⁴⁶, Z. Yarbrough ¹², J. Yebana⁹⁹, S.-W. Yeh¹⁴², A. B. Yelikar ¹⁴⁴, X. Yin³⁵, J. Yokoyama ^317,42, T. Yokozawa⁵⁰, S. Yuan⁷³, H. Yuzurihara ⁵⁰, M. Zanolin⁶⁶, M. Zeeshan ¹¹¹, T. Zelenova⁶³, J.-P. Zendri⁹³, M. Zeoli ¹⁵, M. Zerrad⁴⁰, M. Zevin ⁹⁷, L. Zhang¹¹, N. Zhang⁵⁷, R. Zhang ¹⁵⁰, T. Zhang¹¹⁹, C. Zhao ⁷³, Yue Zhao¹⁶², Yuhang Zhao²⁰, Z.-C. Zhao ³¹⁸, Y. Zheng ¹⁰⁶, H. Zhong ¹⁸, H. Zhou⁷⁹, H. O. Zhu⁷³, Z.-H. Zhu ^318,319, A. B. Zimmerman ¹⁴⁸, L. Zimmermann⁵⁶, M. E. Zucker ^35,11, and J. Zweizig ¹¹ (The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, and The KAGRA Collaboration^†)

¹Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
²LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
³Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
⁴INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
⁵University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
⁶OzGrav, School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
⁷The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁸Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
⁹Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
¹⁰University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
¹¹LIGO Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
¹²Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
¹³Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
¹⁴Centre de Physique Théorique, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
¹⁵Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
¹⁶Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
¹⁷University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
¹⁸University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
¹⁹Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
²⁰Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France
²¹Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
²²INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy
²³Universiteit Antwerpen, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
²⁴International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
²⁵Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁶Advanced Technology Center, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁷Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
²⁸INFN Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
²⁹INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
³⁰Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy
³¹Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules—IN2P3, F-74000 Annecy, France
³²Università di Napoli “Federico II,” I-80126 Napoli, Italy
³³Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
³⁴OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
³⁵LIGO Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
³⁶Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
³⁷Nikhef, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
³⁸INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy
³⁹Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” I-00185 Roma, Italy
⁴⁰Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Med, Institut Fresnel, F-13013 Marseille, France
⁴¹Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
⁴²University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
⁴³Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
⁴⁴Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy
⁴⁵INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy
⁴⁶University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
⁴⁷Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Informatiche e Fisiche, Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
⁴⁸INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁹Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
⁵⁰Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
⁵¹INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⁵²Università di Camerino, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
⁵³University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
⁵⁴California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
⁵⁵SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
⁵⁶Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IP2I Lyon/IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁵⁷Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
⁵⁸Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai 603103, India
⁵⁹Royal Holloway, University of London, London TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
⁶⁰Astronomical course, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
⁶¹Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo,” I-61029 Urbino, Italy
⁶²INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
⁶³European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy
⁶⁴LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
⁶⁵Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
⁶⁶Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, Arizona 86301, USA
⁶⁷Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello,” Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
⁶⁸King’s College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
⁶⁹Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
⁷⁰International College, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
⁷¹Accelerator Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
⁷²Institute for Gravitational and Subatomic Physics (GRASP), Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
⁷³OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
⁷⁴University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
⁷⁵Università di Trento, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
⁷⁶INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
⁷⁷Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
⁷⁸University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
⁷⁹Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
⁸⁰Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
⁸¹INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
⁸²Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
⁸³Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁴Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franqués, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁵Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, c. Gran Capità, 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁶Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana,” Università di Salerno, I-84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
⁸⁷IGR, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
⁸⁸HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
⁸⁹Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, USA
⁹⁰Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
⁹¹University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
⁹²Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁹³INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
⁹⁴Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India
⁹⁵Universiteit Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
⁹⁶Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
⁹⁷Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
⁹⁸Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
⁹⁹IAC3–IEEC, Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
¹⁰⁰Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT, Marseille, France
¹⁰¹Laboratoire des 2 Infinis—Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
¹⁰²Università di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, I-53100 Siena, Italy
¹⁰³Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA
¹⁰⁴RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India
¹⁰⁵Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022, USA
¹⁰⁶Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
¹⁰⁷Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
¹⁰⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
¹⁰⁹Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
¹¹⁰Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Oude Markt 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
¹¹¹Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
¹¹²Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
¹¹³Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
¹¹⁴Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Artemis, F-06304 Nice, France
¹¹⁵University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
¹¹⁶OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
¹¹⁷Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 75016 Paris, France
¹¹⁸Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON—UMR 6082, F-35000 Rennes, France
¹¹⁹University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
¹²⁰Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
¹²¹Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
¹²²Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
¹²³Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
¹²⁴OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
¹²⁵Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland
¹²⁶University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
¹²⁷Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
¹²⁸INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, I-20126 Milano, Italy
¹²⁹Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹³⁰University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
¹³¹University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
¹³²INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
¹³³University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
¹³⁴Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, 2100 København, Denmark
¹³⁵Universidad de Guadalajara, 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
¹³⁶Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali di Roma, 00133 Roma, Italy
¹³⁷Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
¹³⁸Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
¹³⁹Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
¹⁴⁰Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Kóbenhavn, Denmark
¹⁴¹National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan
¹⁴²National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
¹⁴³OzGrav, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
¹⁴⁴Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
¹⁴⁵University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific, Bejing 100049, China
¹⁴⁶Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 101 University Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan
¹⁴⁷Kamioka Branch, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 238 Higashi-Mozumi, Kamioka-cho, Hida City, Gifu 506-1205, Japan
¹⁴⁸University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
¹⁴⁹CaRT, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
¹⁵⁰Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
¹⁵¹Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale (DIIN), Università di Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
¹⁵²Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama City, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
¹⁵³Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, USA
¹⁵⁴University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary
¹⁵⁵OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn VIC 3122, Australia
¹⁵⁶INFN Cagliari, Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
¹⁵⁷Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Università 40, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
¹⁵⁸Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
¹⁵⁹INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera sede di Merate, I-23807 Merate, Lecco, Italy
¹⁶⁰Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
¹⁶¹Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
¹⁶²The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
¹⁶³Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
¹⁶⁴University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
¹⁶⁵The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
¹⁶⁶Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
¹⁶⁷DIFA- Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Zamboni, 33–40126 Bologna, Italy
¹⁶⁸Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare—Sezione di Bologna, viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2–40127 Bologna, Italy
¹⁶⁹University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
¹⁷⁰INFN-CNAF—Bologna, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat, 6/2, 40127 Bologna BO, Italy
¹⁷¹Università degli Studi di Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
¹⁷²INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, I-95125 Catania, Italy
¹⁷³Université de Normandie, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC Caen, F-14000 Caen, France
¹⁷⁴Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire Caen, 6 boulevard du maréchal Juin, F-14050 Caen, France
¹⁷⁵The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
¹⁷⁶Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), IP2I Lyon/IN2P3, UMR 5822, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
¹⁷⁷Università di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
¹⁷⁸IGFAE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
¹⁷⁹Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
¹⁸⁰INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
¹⁸¹California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
¹⁸²Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
¹⁸³Perimeter Institute, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
¹⁸⁴Corps des Mines, Mines Paris, Université PSL, 60 Bd Saint-Michel, 75272 Paris, France
¹⁸⁵Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
¹⁸⁶Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Lagrange, F-06304 Nice, France
¹⁸⁷National Center for Nuclear Research, 05-400 Świerk-Otwock, Poland
¹⁸⁸Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
¹⁸⁹University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹⁹⁰Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H8, Canada
¹⁹¹Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
¹⁹²Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, USA
¹⁹³Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA
¹⁹⁴HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
¹⁹⁵Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
¹⁹⁶Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e do Porto, Universidade do Minho, PT-4710-057 Braga, Portugal
¹⁹⁷Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
¹⁹⁸CNR-SPIN, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
¹⁹⁹Scuola di Ingegneria, Università della Basilicata, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
²⁰⁰Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, USA
²⁰¹SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
²⁰²Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida 33168, USA
²⁰³Eötvös University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
²⁰⁴Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, KAGRA Observatory, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
²⁰⁵Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
²⁰⁶University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy
²⁰⁷University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
²⁰⁸Instituto de Fisica Teorica UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
²⁰⁹Laboratoire d’Acoustique de l’Université du Mans, UMR CNRS 6613, F-72085 Le Mans, France
²¹⁰University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
²¹¹University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
²¹²Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Elettronica e Meccanica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00146 Roma, Italy
²¹³University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
²¹⁴University of Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
²¹⁵Ariel University, Ramat HaGolan St 65, Ari’el, Israel
²¹⁶The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
²¹⁷Graduate School of Science, Institute of Science Tokyo, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
²¹⁸Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Section II, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
²¹⁹The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
²²⁰American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
²²¹Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
²²²INFN, sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
²²³Department of Applied Physics, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
²²⁴University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
²²⁵University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
²²⁶College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi, Narashino City, Chiba 275-8575, Japan
²²⁷Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
²²⁸Department of Physics, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingzhuan Road, Danshui District, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
²²⁹Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
²³⁰Department of Physical Sciences, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
²³¹Helmut Schmidt University, D-22043 Hamburg, Germany
²³²Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
²³³Directorate of Construction, Services and Estate Management, Mumbai 400094, India
²³⁴Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, 11 Rue de l’Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
²³⁵Faculty of Physics, University of Białystok, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
²³⁶National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academic of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
²³⁷School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
²³⁸Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea
²³⁹Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁰Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
²⁴¹Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
²⁴²University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington 98011, USA
²⁴³Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 9GH2+3V5, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
²⁴⁴Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁵National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁶Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁷Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Chungnam National University, 9 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
²⁴⁸Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies (IPNS), High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
²⁴⁹Division of Science, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁵⁰Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
²⁵¹Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
²⁵²Bard College, Annandale-On-Hudson, New York 12504, USA
²⁵³Technical University of Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
²⁵⁴Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00656 Warsaw, Poland
²⁵⁵Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Cracow, Poland
²⁵⁶Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 8-35151 Padova, Italy
²⁵⁷Sezione di Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via Marzolo, 8-35131 Padova, Italy
²⁵⁸Department of Physics, Nagoya University, ES building, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
²⁵⁹Université de Montréal/Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
²⁶⁰Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India
²⁶¹Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
²⁶²Department of Computer Simulation, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do 50834, Republic of Korea
²⁶³NAVIER, École des Ponts, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS, Marne-la-Vallée, France
²⁶⁴Gravitational Wave Science Project, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), Mitaka City, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
²⁶⁵Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
²⁶⁶St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens, Florida 33054, USA
²⁶⁷Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
²⁶⁸Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
²⁶⁹Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
²⁷⁰Institut fuer Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum fuer Astronomie Heidelberg, Universitaet Heidelberg, Albert Ueberle Straße 2, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
²⁷¹Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
²⁷²Research Center for Space Science, Advanced Research Laboratories, Tokyo City University, 3-3-1 Ushikubo-Nishi, Tsuzuki-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8551, Japan
²⁷³Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
²⁷⁴Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, F-91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
²⁷⁵Faculty of Law, Ryukoku University, 67 Fukakusa Tsukamoto-cho, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 612-8577, Japan
²⁷⁶Phenikaa Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
²⁷⁷University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
²⁷⁸Physics Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
²⁷⁹GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute for High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
²⁸⁰University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
²⁸¹Observatoire de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
²⁸²Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France
²⁸³Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
²⁸⁴University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
²⁸⁵CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
²⁸⁶Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, I-00185 Roma, Italy
²⁸⁷Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
²⁸⁸Department of Physics, University of Guadalajara, Avenida Revolucion 1500, Colonia Olimpica C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
²⁸⁹Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, USA
²⁹⁰INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy
²⁹¹Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, I-82100 Benevento, Italy
²⁹²Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi,” I-00184 Roma, Italy
²⁹³Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, USA
²⁹⁴Subatech, CNRS/IN2P3—IMT Atlantique—Nantes Université, 4 rue Alfred Kastler BP 20722 44307 Nantes CÉDEX 03, France
²⁹⁵Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
²⁹⁶Departamento de Física—ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28012 Madrid, Spain
²⁹⁷Department of Electronic Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Nishikatakai, Nagaoka City, Niigata 940-8532, Japan
²⁹⁸Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
²⁹⁹Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università Degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, 44121 Ferrara FE, Italy
³⁰⁰Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi City, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
³⁰¹Indian Institute of Technology, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
³⁰²Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, China
³⁰³Laboratoire MSME, Cité Descartes, 5 Boulevard Descartes, Champs-sur-Marne, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
³⁰⁴Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Osaka Institute of Technology, 1-79-1 Kitayama, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0196, Japan
³⁰⁵NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
³⁰⁶Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi-shi, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
³⁰⁷Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, (CNRS, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité), F-75005 Paris, France
³⁰⁸Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
³⁰⁹Laser Interferometry and Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Callinstrasse 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
³¹⁰The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
³¹¹Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
³¹²Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University, Kita-Shirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyou-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
³¹³University of Catania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Via S. Sofia, 64, 95123 Catania CT, Italy
³¹⁴National Institute of Technology, Fukui College, Geshi-cho, Sabae-shi, Fukui 916-8507, Japan
³¹⁵Department of Communications Engineering, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
³¹⁶Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
³¹⁷Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU), WPI, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
³¹⁸Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
³¹⁹School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Bayi Road 299, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
³²⁰CENTRA, Departamento de Fìsica, Instituto Superior Tècnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
³²¹Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA

^*Full author list given at the end of the Letter.
^†Contact author: lvc.publications@ligo.org
^‡Deceased.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 041403 – Published 29 January, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6c61-fm1n

Abstract

The binary black hole signal GW250114, the loudest gravitational wave detected to date, offers a unique opportunity to test Einstein’s general relativity (GR) in the high-velocity, strong-gravity regime and probe whether the remnant conforms to the Kerr metric. Upon perturbation, black holes emit a spectrum of damped sinusoids with specific, complex frequencies. Our analysis of the postmerger signal shows that at least two quasinormal modes are required to explain the data, with the most damped remaining statistically significant for about one cycle. We probe the remnant’s Kerr nature by constraining the spectroscopic pattern of the dominant quadrupolar ( $ℓ = m = 2$ ) mode and its first overtone to match the Kerr prediction to tens of percent at multiple postpeak times. The measured mode amplitudes and phases agree with a numerical-relativity simulation having parameters close to GW250114. By fitting a parametrized waveform that incorporates the full inspiral-merger-ringdown sequence, we constrain the fundamental $(ℓ = m = 4)$ mode to tens of percent and bound the quadrupolar frequency to within a few percent of the GR prediction. We perform a suite of tests—spanning inspiral, merger, and ringdown—finding constraints that are comparable to, and in some cases 2–3 times more stringent than those obtained by combining dozens of events in the fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. These results constitute the most stringent single-event verification of GR and the Kerr nature of black holes to date, and outline the power of black-hole spectroscopy for future gravitational-wave observations.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

synopsis

General Relativity Survives a Tough Trial

Published 29 January, 2026

An analysis of a record-breaking gravitational-wave detection tests whether general relativity holds under extreme conditions.

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Article Text

Supplemental Material

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 041403– Published 29 January, 2026

Vol. 136, Iss. 4 — 30 January 2026

Received 12 September 2025
Revised 24 October 2025
Accepted 18 November 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6c61-fm1n

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114

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General Relativity Survives a Tough Trial

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