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    Distributed Quantum Sensing with Multimode N00N States

    Dong-Hyun Kim1,2,*, Seongjin Hong2,*, Yong-Su Kim1,3, Kyunghwan Oh2, Su-Yong Lee4,5, Changhyoup Lee6,7, and Hyang-Tag Lim1,3,†

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: hyangtag.lim@kist.re.kr

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 050802 – Published 1 August, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/4vdx-7224

    Abstract

    Distributed quantum sensing, which estimates a global parameter across distant nodes, has attracted significant interest for applications such as quantum imaging, sensor networks, and global-scale clock synchronization. N00N states are regarded as one of the optimal quantum resources for quantum metrology, enabling the Heisenberg scaling. Recently, the concept of N00N states has been extended to multimode N00N states for quantum-enhanced multiple-parameter estimation. However, the application of multimode N00N states in distributed quantum sensing remains unexplored. Here, we propose a distributed quantum sensing scheme that achieves the Heisenberg scaling using multimode N00N states. We theoretically show that multimode N00N states can reach the Heisenberg scaling by examining both the Cramér-Rao bound and the quantum Cramér-Rao bound. For experimental demonstration, we employ a four-mode 2002 state to estimate the average of two spatially distributed phases, achieving a 2.74 dB sensitivity enhancement over the standard quantum limit. We believe that utilizing multimode N00N states for distributed quantum sensing offers a promising approach for developing entanglement-enhanced sensor networks.

    Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

    Corrections

    18 September, 2025

    Correction: A second affiliation was added for the sixth author.

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