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    Constant Overhead Entanglement Distillation via Scrambling

    Andi Gu1,*, Lorenzo Leone2,†, Kenneth Goodenough3,‡, and Sumeet Khatri4,5,§

    • 1Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
    • 2Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
    • 3Manning College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, USA
    • 4Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
    • 5Virginia Tech Center for Quantum Information Science and Engineering, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA

    • *Contact author: andigu@g.harvard.edu
    • †Contact author: lorenzo.leone@fu-berlin.de
    • ‡Contact author: kdgoodenough@gmail.com
    • §Contact author: skhatri@vt.edu

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 110805 – Published 20 March, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3q4z-llv8

    Abstract

    High-fidelity quantum entanglement enables key quantum networking capabilities such as secure communication and distributed quantum computing, but long-distance entanglement distribution is limited by noise and loss. Entanglement distillation protocols address this problem by extracting high-fidelity Bell pairs from multiple noisy ones. The primary objective is minimizing the resource overhead: the number of noisy input pairs needed to distill each high-fidelity output pair. While protocols achieving optimal overhead are known in theory, they often require complex decoding operations that make practical implementation challenging. We circumvent this challenge by introducing protocols that use quantum scrambling—the spreading of quantum information under chaotic dynamics—through random Clifford operations. Based on this scrambling mechanism, our protocol maintains asymptotically constant overhead, independent of the desired output error rate ϵ¯, and can be implemented with shallow quantum circuits of depth O(poly log logϵ¯−1) and memory O(poly logϵ¯−1). Our protocol remains effective even with noisy quantum gates. By incorporating error correction, our protocol achieves state-of-the-art performance: starting with pairs of 10% initial infidelity, we require only seven noisy inputs per output pair to distill a single Bell pair with infidelity ϵ¯=10−12, substantially outperforming existing schemes. We demonstrate the utility of our protocols for quantum repeater networks.

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