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Evidence for a Spectral Break or Curvature in the Spectrum of Astrophysical Neutrinos from 5 TeV to 10 PeV

R. Abbasi ¹⁶, M. Ackermann ⁶³, J. Adams¹⁷, S. K. Agarwalla ^39,†, J. A. Aguilar ¹⁰, M. Ahlers ²¹, J. M. Alameddine ²², S. Ali ³⁵, N. M. Amin⁴³ et al. (IceCube Collaboration)

N. M. Amin⁴³, K. Andeen ⁴¹, C. Arguelles ¹³, Y. Ashida⁵², S. Athanasiadou⁶³, S. N. Axani ⁴³, R. Babu²³, X. Bai ⁴⁹, J. Baines-Holmes³⁹, A. Balagopal V.^43,39, S. W. Barwick ²⁹, S. Bash²⁶, V. Basu ⁵², R. Bay⁶, J. J. Beatty ^20,19, J. Becker Tjus ^9,‡, P. Behrens¹, J. Beise ⁶¹, C. Bellenghi ²⁶, B. Benkel⁶³, S. BenZvi ⁵¹, D. Berley¹⁸, E. Bernardini ^47,§, D. Z. Besson³⁵, E. Blaufuss ¹⁸, L. Bloom ⁵⁸, S. Blot ⁶³, I. Bodo³⁹, F. Bontempo³⁰, J. Y. Book Motzkin ¹³, C. Boscolo Meneguolo ^47,§, S. Boser ⁴⁰, O. Botner ⁶¹, J. Bottcher ¹, J. Braun³⁹, B. Brinson ⁴, Z. Brisson-Tsavoussis³², R. T. Burley², D. Butterfield³⁹, M. A. Campana ⁴⁸, K. Carloni ¹³, J. Carpio ^34,33, S. Chattopadhyay^39,†, N. Chau¹⁰, Z. Chen⁵⁵, D. Chirkin ³⁹, S. Choi⁵², B. A. Clark ¹⁸, A. Coleman ⁶¹, P. Coleman¹, G. H. Collin¹⁴, D. A. Coloma Borja ⁴⁷, A. Connolly^20,19, J. M. Conrad ¹⁴, R. Corley⁵², D. F. Cowen ^59,60, C. De Clercq ¹¹, J. J. DeLaunay ⁵⁹, D. Delgado ¹³, T. Delmeulle¹⁰, S. Deng¹, P. Desiati ³⁹, K. D. de Vries ¹¹, G. de Wasseige ³⁶, T. DeYoung ²³, J. C. Diaz-Velez ³⁹, S. DiKerby ²³, M. Dittmer⁴², A. Domi²⁵, L. Draper⁵², L. Dueser¹, D. Durnford ²⁴, K. Dutta⁴⁰, M. A. DuVernois ³⁹, T. Ehrhardt⁴⁰, L. Eidenschink²⁶, A. Eimer ²⁵, P. Eller ²⁶, E. Ellinger⁶², D. Elsasser ²², R. Engel^30,31, H. Erpenbeck ³⁹, W. Esmail⁴², S. Eulig¹³, J. Evans¹⁸, P. A. Evenson⁴³, K. L. Fan¹⁸, K. Fang³⁹, K. Farrag¹⁵, A. R. Fazely ⁵, A. Fedynitch ⁵⁷, N. Feigl⁸, C. Finley ⁵⁴, L. Fischer ⁶³, D. Fox ⁵⁹, A. Franckowiak ⁹, S. Fukami⁶³, P. Furst ¹, J. Gallagher ³⁸, E. Ganster ¹, A. Garcia ¹³, M. Garcia⁴³, G. Garg^39,†, E. Genton ^13,36, L. Gerhardt⁷, A. Ghadimi ⁵⁸, C. Glaser ⁶¹, T. Glusenkamp ⁶¹, J. G. Gonzalez⁴³, S. Goswami^34,33, A. Granados²³, D. Grant¹², S. J. Gray ¹⁸, S. Griffin ³⁹, S. Griswold ⁵¹, K. M. Groth ²¹, D. Guevel ³⁹, C. Gunther ¹, P. Gutjahr ²², C. Ha ⁵³, C. Haack ²⁵, A. Hallgren ⁶¹, L. Halve ¹, F. Halzen ³⁹, L. Hamacher¹, M. Ha Minh²⁶, M. Handt¹, K. Hanson³⁹, J. Hardin¹⁴, A. A. Harnisch²³, P. Hatch³², A. Haungs ³⁰, J. Haussler ¹, K. Helbing ⁶², J. Hellrung ⁹, B. Henke²³, L. Hennig²⁵, F. Henningsen ¹², L. Heuermann¹, R. Hewett¹⁷, N. Heyer ⁶¹, S. Hickford⁶², A. Hidvegi⁵⁴, C. Hill ¹⁵, G. C. Hill², R. Hmaid¹⁵, K. D. Hoffman¹⁸, D. Hooper³⁹, S. Hori ³⁹, K. Hoshina^39,∥, M. Hostert ¹³, W. Hou ³⁰, T. Huber ³⁰, K. Hultqvist ⁵⁴, K. Hymon ^22,57, A. Ishihara¹⁵, W. Iwakiri ¹⁵, M. Jacquart²¹, S. Jain ³⁹, O. Janik ²⁵, M. Jansson³⁶, M. Jeong ⁵², M. Jin ¹³, N. Kamp ¹³, D. Kang ³⁰, W. Kang ⁴⁸, X. Kang⁴⁸, A. Kappes ⁴², L. Kardum²², T. Karg ⁶³, M. Karl ²⁶, A. Karle ³⁹, A. Katil²⁴, M. Kauer ³⁹, J. L. Kelley ³⁹, M. Khanal⁵², A. Khatee Zathul ³⁹, A. Kheirandish ^34,33, H. Kimku⁵³, J. Kiryluk ⁵⁵, C. Klein²⁵, S. R. Klein ^7,6, Y. Kobayashi ¹⁵, A. Kochocki ²³, R. Koirala ⁴³, H. Kolanoski ⁸, T. Kontrimas ²⁶, L. Kopke⁴⁰, C. Kopper ²⁵, D. J. Koskinen ²¹, P. Koundal ⁴³, M. Kowalski ^8,63, T. Kozynets²¹, N. Krieger⁹, J. Krishnamoorthi ^39,†, T. Krishnan ¹³, K. Kruiswijk ³⁶, E. Krupczak²³, A. Kumar ⁶³, E. Kun⁹, N. Kurahashi ⁴⁸, N. Lad ⁶³, C. Lagunas Gualda ²⁶, L. Lallement Arnaud¹⁰, M. Lamoureux ³⁶, M. J. Larson ¹⁸, F. Lauber ⁶², J. P. Lazar ³⁶, K. Leonard DeHolton ⁶⁰, A. Leszczynska ⁴³, J. Liao ⁴, C. Lin⁴³, Y. T. Liu ⁶⁰, M. Liubarska²⁴, C. Love⁴⁸, L. Lu ³⁹, F. Lucarelli ²⁷, W. Luszczak ^20,19, Y. Lyu ^6,7, J. Madsen ³⁹, E. Magnus ¹¹, Y. Makino³⁹, E. Manao ²⁶, S. Mancina ^47,¶, A. Mand ³⁹, I. C. Maris ¹⁰, S. Marka ⁴⁵, Z. Marka ⁴⁵, L. Marten¹, I. Martinez-Soler ¹³, R. Maruyama ⁴⁴, J. Mauro ³⁶, F. Mayhew ²³, F. McNally ³⁷, J. V. Mead²¹, K. Meagher ³⁹, S. Mechbal⁶³, A. Medina²⁰, M. Meier ¹⁵, Y. Merckx¹¹, L. Merten ⁹, J. Mitchell⁵, L. Molchany⁴⁹, T. Montaruli ²⁷, R. W. Moore ²⁴, Y. Morii¹⁵, A. Mosbrugger²⁵, M. Moulai ³⁹, D. Mousadi⁶³, E. Moyaux³⁶, T. Mukherjee ³⁰, R. Naab ⁶³, M. Nakos³⁹, U. Naumann⁶², J. Necker ⁶³, L. Neste ⁵⁴, M. Neumann⁴², H. Niederhausen ²³, M. U. Nisa ²³, K. Noda ¹⁵, A. Noell¹, A. Novikov⁴³, A. Obertacke Pollmann¹⁵, V. O’Dell ³⁹, A. Olivas¹⁸, R. Orsoe²⁶, J. Osborn³⁹, E. O’Sullivan ⁶¹, V. Palusova⁴⁰, H. Pandya ⁴³, A. Parenti¹⁰, N. Park ³², V. Parrish²³, E. N. Paudel ⁵⁸, L. Paul ⁴⁹, C. Perez de los Heros ⁶¹, T. Pernice⁶³, J. Peterson³⁹, M. Plum ⁴⁹, A. Ponten⁶¹, V. Poojyam⁵⁸, Y. Popovych⁴⁰, M. Prado Rodriguez³⁹, B. Pries ²³, R. Procter-Murphy¹⁸, G. T. Przybylski⁷, L. Pyras ⁵², C. Raab ³⁶, J. Rack-Helleis⁴⁰, N. Rad ⁶³, M. Ravn⁶¹, K. Rawlins³, Z. Rechav³⁹, A. Rehman ⁴³, I. Reistroffer⁴⁹, E. Resconi ²⁶, S. Reusch⁶³, C. D. Rho ⁵⁶, W. Rhode ²², L. Ricca ³⁶, B. Riedel ³⁹, A. Rifaie⁶², E. J. Roberts², S. Robertson^6,7, M. Rongen ²⁵, A. Rosted ¹⁵, C. Rott ⁵², T. Ruhe ²², L. Ruohan²⁶, D. Ryckbosch²⁸, J. Saffer ³¹, D. Salazar-Gallegos ²³, P. Sampathkumar³⁰, A. Sandrock ⁶², G. Sanger-Johnson ²³, M. Santander ⁵⁸, S. Sarkar ⁴⁶, J. Savelberg¹, M. Scarnera³⁶, P. Schaile²⁶, M. Schaufel¹, H. Schieler ³⁰, S. Schindler ²⁵, L. Schlickmann ⁴⁰, B. Schluter⁴², F. Schluter ¹⁰, N. Schmeisser⁶², T. Schmidt¹⁸, F. G. Schroder ^43,30, L. Schumacher ²⁵, S. Schwirn¹, S. Sclafani ¹⁸, D. Seckel⁴³, L. Seen ³⁹, M. Seikh ³⁵, S. Seunarine ⁵⁰, P. A. Sevle Myhr ³⁶, R. Shah ⁴⁸, S. Shefali³¹, N. Shimizu ¹⁵, B. Skrzypek ⁶, R. Snihur³⁹, J. Soedingrekso²², A. Sogaard²¹, D. Soldin ⁵², P. Soldin ¹, G. Sommani ⁹, C. Spannfellner²⁶, G. M. Spiczak ⁵⁰, C. Spiering ⁶³, J. Stachurska ²⁸, M. Stamatikos²⁰, T. Stanev⁴³, T. Stezelberger ⁷, T. Sturwald⁶², T. Stuttard ²¹, G. W. Sullivan ¹⁸, I. Taboada ⁴, S. Ter-Antonyan ⁵, A. Terliuk²⁶, A. Thakuri⁴⁹, M. Thiesmeyer ³⁹, W. G. Thompson ¹³, J. Thwaites ³⁹, S. Tilav⁴³, K. Tollefson ²³, S. Toscano ¹⁰, D. Tosi³⁹, A. Trettin⁶³, A. K. Upadhyay ^39,†, K. Upshaw⁵, A. Vaidyanathan⁴¹, N. Valtonen-Mattila ^9,61, J. Valverde ⁴¹, J. Vandenbroucke ³⁹, T. Van Eeden⁶³, N. van Eijndhoven ¹¹, L. Van Rootselaar²², J. van Santen ⁶³, J. Vara⁴², F. Varsi³¹, M. Venugopal³⁰, M. Vereecken³⁶, S. Vergara Carrasco¹⁷, S. Verpoest ⁴³, D. Veske⁴⁵, A. Vijai¹⁸, J. Villarreal ¹⁴, C. Walck⁵⁴, A. Wang ⁴, E. H. S. Warrick ⁵⁸, C. Weaver ²³, P. Weigel¹⁴, A. Weindl³⁰, J. Weldert⁴⁰, A. Y. Wen ¹³, C. Wendt ³⁹, J. Werthebach²², M. Weyrauch³⁰, N. Whitehorn ²³, C. H. Wiebusch ¹, D. R. Williams⁵⁸, L. Witthaus ²², M. Wolf ²⁶, G. Wrede²⁵, X. W. Xu⁵, J. P. Yanez ²⁴, Y. Yao ³⁹, E. Yildizci³⁹, S. Yoshida ¹⁵, R. Young³⁵, F. Yu ¹³, S. Yu ⁵², T. Yuan ³⁹, A. Zegarelli ⁹, S. Zhang ²³, Z. Zhang⁵⁵, P. Zhelnin ¹³, and P. Zilberman³⁹ (IceCube Collaboration)

¹III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
²Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
³Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
⁴School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
⁵Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
⁶Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁷Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁸Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
⁹Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
¹⁰Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
¹¹Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
¹²Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
¹³Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
¹⁴Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
¹⁵Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
¹⁶Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
¹⁷Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
¹⁸Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
¹⁹Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
²⁰Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
²¹Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
²²Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
²³Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
²⁴Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
²⁵Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
²⁶Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
²⁷Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
²⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
²⁹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
³⁰Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
³¹Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
³²Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
³³Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
³⁴Nevada Center for Astrophysics, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
³⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
³⁶Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology - CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
³⁷Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
³⁸Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
³⁹Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
⁴⁰Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
⁴¹Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
⁴²Institut für Kernphysik, Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
⁴³Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
⁴⁴Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
⁴⁵Columbia Astrophysics and Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
⁴⁶Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
⁴⁷Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università Degli Studi di Padova, I-35122 Padova PD, Italy
⁴⁸Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
⁴⁹Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
⁵⁰Department, of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
⁵¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
⁵²Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
⁵³Department of Physics, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
⁵⁴Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
⁵⁵Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
⁵⁶Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
⁵⁷Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
⁵⁸Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
⁵⁹Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁶⁰Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
⁶¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
⁶²Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
⁶³Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany

^*Full author list given at the end of the Letter.
^†Also at Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Sainik School Post, Bhubaneswar 751005, India.
^‡Also at Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
^§Also at INFN Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
^∥Also at Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
^¶Present address: INFN Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.

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Phys. Rev. Lett. 136, 121002 – Published 26 March, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/2gh9-d4q7

Abstract

We report improved measurements of the all flavor astrophysical neutrino spectrum with IceCube by combining complementary neutrino samples in two independent analyses. Both analyses show evidence of a harder spectrum at energies below $\sim 30 TeV$ compared to higher energies where the spectrum is well characterized by a power law. The spectrum is better described by a log parabola or a broken power law, the latter being the preferred model. Both, however, reject a single power law over an energy range 5 TeV–10 PeV with a significance $> 4 σ$ , providing new constraints on properties of cosmic neutrino sources.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

synopsis

Neutrinos Make a Break in the Ice

Published 26 March, 2026

The IceCube observatory at the South Pole has found evidence for a break in the spectrum of cosmic neutrinos, with theoretical implications for their generation.

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Evidence for a Spectral Break or Curvature in the Spectrum of Astrophysical Neutrinos from 5 TeV to 10 PeV

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Neutrinos Make a Break in the Ice

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Improved measurements of the TeV-PeV extragalactic neutrino spectrum from joint analyses of IceCube tracks and cascades

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