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    Characterizing the Multipartite Entanglement Structure of Non-Gaussian Continuous-Variable States with a Single Evolution Operator

    Mingsheng Tian1,2,*, Xiaoting Gao1,*, Boxuan Jing1, Fengxiao Sun1, Matteo Fadel3, Manuel Gessner4, and Qiongyi He1,5,6,7,†

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: qiongyihe@pku.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 140201 – Published 29 September, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/21t1-dqn6

    Abstract

    Multipartite entanglement is an essential resource for quantum information tasks, but characterizing entanglement structures in continuous-variable systems remains challenging, especially in multimode non-Gaussian scenarios. In this Letter, we introduce an efficient method for detecting multipartite entanglement structures in continuous-variable states. Based on the quantum Fisher information, we propose a systematic approach to identify an encoding operator that can efficiently capture the quantum correlations in multimode non-Gaussian states. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on over 105 randomly generated multimode-entangled quantum states, achieving a very high success rate in entanglement detection. Additionally, the robustness of our method can be considerably enhanced against losses by expanding the set of accessible operators. This Letter provides a general framework for characterizing entanglement structures in diverse continuous-variable systems, enabling a number of experimentally relevant applications.

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