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Stable operation of a fully energy-recovered 1-mA-class electron beam at a compact energy-recovery linac

Hiroshi Sakai*, Dai Arakawa, Takaaki Furuya, Kaiichi Haga, Masayuki Hagiwara†, Kentaro Harada, Yosuke Honda, Teruya Honma, Eiji Kako et al.

Nobuyuki Nishimori†

Ryoichi Hajima, Ryoji Nagai**, and Masaru Sawamura

Ryukou Kato, Yuuji Kojima‡, Taro Konomi§, Hiroshi Matsumura, Taichi Miura, Takako Miura, Shinya Nagahashi, Hirotaka Nakai, Norio Nakamura, Kota Nakanishi, Kazuyuki Nigorikawa, Takashi Nogami, Takashi Obina, Feng Qiu‖, Hidenori Sagehashi, Shogo Sakanaka, Miho Shimada, Mikito Tadano, Takeshi Takahashi, Ryota Takai, Olga Tanaka, Yasunori Tanimoto, Akihiro Toyoda, Takashi Uchiyama, Kensei Umemori, Masahiro Yamamoto, and Go Yoshida

  • *Contact author: hiroshi.sakai.phys@kek.jp
  • †Present address: National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan.
  • ‡Retired from High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, KEK, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
  • §Present address: Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
  • ‖Present address: Institute of Modern Physics (IMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lan Zhou, Gan Su, 730000, China.
  • Present address: National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0215, Japan.
  • **Present address: National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
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Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 28, 091603 – Published 26 September, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/qvpb-jsqx

Abstract

A compact energy-recovery linac (cERL) has been under development at KEK to drive key accelerator technologies, demonstrate energy recovery under various conditions, and support beam applications. cERL began beam operations in 2013 to create stable, low-emittance, energy-recovered beams. The project focused on gradually increasing the current transported in a stepwise fashion while maintaining low beam losses at each step. However, the energy recovery of high-current beams is an issue that needs to be addressed. In this study, we propose a method for high-current beam tuning of approximately 1 mA under energy-recovery conditions with extremely small beam loss. We prepared a collimator and a local fast beam loss monitor to reduce the beam loss. We report successful results at approximately 1 mA, demonstrating 100.0% energy recovery with extremely small beam loss. The radiofrequency (rf) amplitude and phase varied by less than 0.02% and 0.02°, respectively. The study findings are expected to provide insights into steady beam operation for high-brightness beams and high-efficiency energy-recovery operations required for future extreme ultraviolet free-electron lasers.

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Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 28, 091603– Published 26 September, 2025
  • Received 8 September 2024
  • Revised 3 August 2025
  • Accepted 18 August 2025
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