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Beam optics ramping in underconstrained lattice design: Application to Electron-Ion Collider hadron storage ring cooling section

Derong Xu*

  • *Contact author: dxu@bnl.gov
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Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 28, 084002 – Published 22 August, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/86y4-h97k

Abstract

This paper presents the lattice design and optics ramping strategy for the cooling section of the hadron storage ring at the electron-ion collider. The main challenge is that available tuning knobs exceed beam-optics constraints. Independently optimized injection and top-energy optics often yield disconnected solutions, making interpolation impossible. To address this, we propose two new methods. The first is an intermediate-penalty scheme that ensures ramping path continuity by penalizing constraint violations at intermediate states. The second is a continuation-based approach that adapts high-energy optics to low energy, guided by an adaptive weighting scheme to balance injection and ramping constraints. The solutions meet all beam dynamics and hardware limits. The two methods offer a general strategy for ramping in systems where the solution space is under-constrained and the starting and target configurations are far apart.

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Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 28, 084002– Published 22 August, 2025
  • Received 30 April 2025
  • Accepted 25 July 2025
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