- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Accelerators and Beams

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Beam collimator of electrostatic septum for high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility booster

Guodong Shen, Ze Du, Weiping Chai, Jingjing Zhang, He Zhao, Jie Liu, Guangyu Zhu, Geng Wang, Shuang Ruan et al.

Qingzhao Zhang

Youjin Yuan and Jiancheng Yang*

  • State Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

  • *Contact author: yangjch@impcas.ac.cn
PDF

Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 29, 021601 – Published 6 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/83jq-vh5k

Abstract

The dynamic vacuum effect is the primary limitation of beam intensity in high-intensity heavy-ion synchrotrons. Although the dynamic vacuum effect in the arc section is mitigated effectively by the beam collimators, the gas desorption induced by injection beam loss occurring in the injection electrostatic septum (ESi) is still an unresolved issue. In addition, the gas desorption is enhanced due to some special mechanisms, including the ultrafast beam loss process, multiple traversals of wire surfaces, and high-voltage breakdown. Mitigating the dynamic vacuum effect in the ESi is a critical approach to achieve a higher beam intensity. Therefore, a novel ES collimator is proposed to reduce beam deposition on the septum. Dynamic simulation of the dual-plane painting injection of BRing reveals the excellent performance of this scheme by a tenfold reduction in beam loss. The features associated with collimation efficiency and structure optimization are analyzed in detail.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (27)

  1. J. Yang, J. Xia, G. Xiao, H. Xu, H. Zhao, X. Zhou, X. Ma, Y. He, L. Ma, D. Gao et al., High intensity heavy ion accelerator facility (HIAF) in China, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 317, 263 (2013).
  2. X. Zhou, J. Yang, and HIAF Project Team, Status of the high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility in China, AAPPS Bull. 32, 35 (2022).
  3. L. Yao, W. Chai, J. Yang, J. Xia, G. Shen, J. Li, J. Liu, H. Ren, S. Ruan, G. Wang et al., Beam-loss driven injection optimization for HIAF-BRing in the presence of space charge, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 951, 162876 (2020).
  4. A. W. Chao, M. Tigner, H. Weise, and F. Zimmermann, Handbook of Accelerator Physics and Engineering (World scientific, Singapore, 2023).
  5. E. Mahner, Review of heavy-ion induced desorption studies for particle accelerators, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 11, 104801 (2008).
  6. P. Li et al., Beam loss distribution calculation and collimation efficiency simulation of a cooler storage ring in a heavy ion research facility, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 17, 084201 (2014).
  7. P. Li, L. Bozyk, Z. Dong, P. Spiller, M. Li, J. Yang, Y. Yuan, C. Luo, W. Xie, and W. Zhen, Dynamic vacuum simulation for the booster ring in the high-intensity heavy ion accelerator facility, Vacuum 163, 15 (2019).
  8. O. Grobner and R. S. Calder, Beam induced gas desorption in the CERN intersecting storage rings, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 20, 760 (1973).
  9. J. Bosser, M. Chanel, C. Hill, A. Lombardi, D. Möhl, M. Vretenar, C. Carli, S. Maury, E. Tanke, G. Molinari et al., Experimental investigation of electron cooling and stacking of lead ions in a low energy accumulation ring, Part. Accel. 63, 171 (1999), https://cds.cern.ch/record/388111/files/p171.pdf.
  10. S. Y. Zhang and L. A. Ahrens, Booster gold beam injection efficiency and beam loss, in Proceedings of the 6th European Particle Accelerator Conference, Stockholm, Sweden (JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998), p. 2149, https://proceedings.jacow.org/e98/PAPERS/MOP40C.PDF.
  11. O. Boine-Frankenheim, A. Krämer, E. R. Mustafin, H. Reich-Sprenger, and P. J. Spiller, Measurement and calculation of U28+ beam lifetime in SIS, in Proceedings of the European Particle Accelerator Conference (EPAC2002), Paris, France (JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002), pp. 2547–2549, https://proceedings.jacow.org/e02/PAPERS/WEPLE116.pdf.
  12. P. J. Spiller, K. Blasche, P. Hülsmann, A. Krämer, H. Ramakers, and H. Reich-Sprenger, High intensity uranium operation in SIS18, in Proceedings of the European Particle Accelerator Conference (EPAC’04), Lucerne, Switzerland (JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004), pp. 1180–1182, https://proceedings.jacow.org/e04/PAPERS/TUPLT020.PDF.
  13. L. Bozyk, P. Spiller et al., Measurement of beam ionization loss in SIS18, in Proceedings of the 5th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC2014), Dresden, Germany (JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014), pp. 864–866, 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-MOPRI104.
  14. H. Kollmus, M. Bellachioma, M. Bender, A. Krämer, J. Kurdal, and H. Reich-Sprenger, Vacuum issues of SIS18 upgrade at GSI, in Proceedings of the European Particle Accelerator Conference (EPAC06), Edinburgh, Scotland (JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006), pp. 1426–1428, https://proceedings.jacow.org/e06/PAPERS/TUPCH174.pdf.
  15. C. Omet, Dynamic vacuum and beam loss challenges at GSI and FAIR, https://indico.gsi.de/event/5393/contributions/25123/attachments/18395/23081/Dynamic_Vacuum_at_FAIR.pptx (2017).
  16. G. H. Rees, Injection, in CAS-CERN Accelerator School: 5th General Accelerator Physics Course (CERN, Jyvaskyla, Finland, 1992), Vol. 2, pp. 731–743, https://cds.cern.ch/record/398435/files/p731.pdf.
  17. U. Blell et al., Development of the injection-and extraction systems for the upgrade of SIS18, in Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC) (IEEE, New York, 2007), pp. 167–169,
  18. C. Omet, H. Kollmus, H. Reich-Sprenger, and P. Spiller, Ion catcher system for the stabilisation of the dynamic pressure in SIS18, in Proceedings of the European Particle Accelerator Conference (EPAC08), Genoa, Italy (JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland, 2008), pp. 295–297, https://proceedings.jacow.org/e08/papers/mopc099.pdf.
  19. E. Mahner, J. Hansen, D. Küchler, M. Malabaila, and M. Taborelli, Ion-stimulated gas desorption yields of electropolished, chemically etched, and coated (Au, Ag, Pd, TiZrV) stainless steel vacuum chambers and St707 getter strips irradiated with 4.2 MeV/u lead ions, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 053201 (2005).
  20. N. Marquardt, Introduction to the principles of vacuum physics, 1999, 10.5170/CERN-1999-005.1.
  21. B. Gålnander, D. Ondreka, M. Petryk, and P. Spiller, Analysis of losses and protection of the electrostatic septum anode wires in SIS18, in Proceedings of the 14th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC’23) (JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland, 2023), pp. 2439–2442.
  22. L. Bozyk, P. Spiller et al., Ionization loss and dynamic vacuum in heavy ion synchrotrons, in Proceedings of the 8th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC’17), Copenhagen, Denmark (JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland, 2017), pp. 2201–2204, https://proceedings.jacow.org/ipac2017/papers/tupva056.pdf.
  23. M. Heilmann et al., UNILAC proton injector operation for FAIR, in Proceedings of the 6th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC’15), Richmond, VA, USA (JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland, 2015), pp. 3709–3711, 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-THPF013.
  24. P. Spiller, R. Balss, A. Bleile, L. Bozyk, J. Ceballos, T. Eisel, E. Fischer, P. Forck, P. Hülsmann, M. Kauschke, O. Kester, P. Kowina, H. Kollmus, H. Klingbeil, A. Krämer, H. König, J. Meier, A. Mierau, C. Omet, and A. Iluk, Status of the fair synchrotron projects SIS18 and SIS100, in Proceedings of the International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC2014), Dresden, Germany (JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014), pp. 1857–1860, 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2014-WEOBA01.
  25. P. Spiller, SIS18/SIS100 status and perspectives, https://indico.gsi.de/event/6343/attachments/21155/26679/Spiller_GSI_210917.pdf (2017).
  26. C. Luo, J. Meng, J. Yang, J. Jiao, G. Shen, C. Li, N. Wei, G. Zhu, W. Xie, Z. Chai et al., Study on the performance of titanium alloy-lined thin-walled vacuum chamber, Vacuum 221, 112808 (2024).
  27. Gongdong Shen, Beam collimator of electrostatic septum for high-intensity heavy-ion accelerator facility booster dataset, Zenodo, 10.5281/zenodo.18163766.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 29, 021601– Published 6 February, 2026
  • Received 5 February 2025
  • Accepted 9 October 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation