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Cryogenics of a superconducting LINAC: SPIRAL2 from commissioning to operation

Adnan Ghribi1,2, Muhammad Aburas1,3, Pierre-Emmanuel Bernaudin1,3, Patrick Bonnay3, François Bonne3, Frédéric Bouly2, Marco Di Giacomo1,3, Charly Lassalle1,4, David Longuevergne2 et al.

François Millet3, Jean-Pierre Thermeau2, Arnaud Trudel1,3, Quentin Tura1,2, and Adrien Vassal1,4

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Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 28, 081601 – Published 29 August, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/82xr-d9gc

Abstract

The SPIRAL2 superconducting linear accelerator (LINAC), which has been operational since 2019, employs superconducting, independently phased rf resonators to deliver a wide range of particle beams. Designed for flexibility in particle types, intensities, and energies, it utilizes superconducting quarter-wave resonators, the performance of which is critically dependent on the reliability of the cryogenic operation. This paper reviews the evolution of the SPIRAL2 cryogenic system from commissioning to routine operation, which was initially commissioned in 2017. It highlights the key challenges encountered, including thermoacoustic oscillations, thermal management, and the abnormal behavior of cavities. In addition, it explores the integration of thermodynamic modelling and machine learning techniques to enhance system control and diagnose problems. This work serves as a comprehensive resource for advancing cryogenic operations and the performance of superconducting LINACs.

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Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 28, 081601– Published 29 August, 2025
  • Received 4 February 2025
  • Accepted 30 July 2025
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

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