- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review Accelerators and Beams

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Isochronous lattice design with time-of-flight fluctuation reaching subattoseconds based on high-order achromat

Zhilong Pan*,†, Jingyuan Zhao*, and Chuanxiang Tang

Xiujie Deng and Alexander Wu Chao

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Contact author: panzl@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn
PDF

Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 28, 124001 – Published 30 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/3v8n-84fr

Abstract

The fluctuation in electron time of flight during lattice transport is crucial for various applications, such as ultrafast electron diffraction, optical stochastic cooling in storage rings, and sustaining steady-state microbunching in storage rings. A major issue impacting the time-of-flight fluctuation of the electron beam during transport is the lattice’s nonlinear effects. In this study, we introduce a design concept aimed at reducing the electron beam’s time-of-flight fluctuation in an isochronous lattice up to the subattosecond level. This approach employs a high-order achromat lattice that effectively eliminates time-of-flight contributions arising from low-order nonlinearities. We also present an optimized design example based on this concept, achieving approximately 0.3 attoseconds root-mean-square time-of-flight fluctuation (equivalent to 0.1 nm) with specific beam emittance values of εx∼1  nm,εy∼1  nm, and σδ∼1×10−3.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (27)

  1. F. Qi, Z. Ma, L. Zhao, Y. Cheng, W. Jiang, C. Lu, T. Jiang, D. Qian, Z. Wang, W. Zhang, P. Zhu, X. Zou, W. Wan, D. Xiang, and J. Zhang, Breaking 50 femtosecond resolution barrier in MeV ultrafast electron diffraction with a double bend achromat compressor, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 134803 (2020).
  2. A. Zholents, L. Rebuffi, and X. Shi, Stochastic cooling of electrons and positrons with EUV light, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 24, 022803 (2021).
  3. J. Jarvis, V. Lebedev, A. Romanov, D. Broemmelsiek, K. Carlson, S. Chattopadhyay, A. Dick, D. Edstrom, I. Lobach, S. Nagaitsev et al., Experimental demonstration of optical stochastic cooling, Nature (London) 608, 287 (2022).
  4. A. Zholents, Isochronous lattice design study for cooling insertion in the electron storage ring, Technical Report No. LS-376, Argonne National Laboratory, 2024.
  5. D. F. Ratner and A. W. Chao, Steady-state microbunching in a storage ring for generating coherent radiation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 154801 (2010).
  6. X. Deng, A. Chao, J. Feikes, A. Hoehl, W. Huang, R. Klein, A. Kruschinski, J. Li, A. Matveenko, Y. Petenev et al., Experimental demonstration of the mechanism of steady-state microbunching, Nature (London) 590, 576 (2021).
  7. A. Kruschinski, X. Deng, J. Feikes, A. Hoehl, R. Klein, J. Li, M. Ries, and A. Chao, Confirming the theoretical foundation of steady-state microbunching, Commun. Phys. 7, 160 (2024).
  8. X. Deng, Z. Pan, J. Zhao, Z. Li, A. Chao, and C. Tang, Reversible microbunching in an electron storage ring, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams (to be published).
  9. C. Li, B. Jiang, C. Feng, Q. Gu, Z. Bai, W. Wan, Q. Zhang, and K. Wang, Toward a storage ring coherent light source based on an angular dispersion-induced microbunching scheme, J. Synchrotron Radiat. 32, 82 (2025).
  10. B. Jiang, C. Feng, C. Li, Z. Bai, W. Wan, D. Xiang, Q. Gu, K. Wang, Q. Zhang, D. Huang et al., A synchrotron-based kilowatt-level radiation source for EUV lithography, Sci. Rep. 12, 3325 (2022).
  11. W. Liu, Y. Zhao, X. Li, S. Wang, Y. Jiao, and C. Feng, Method for reversing the laser modulation in a storage ring, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 28, 060703 (2025).
  12. Z. Pan. Research on optimization and design of advanced laser-driving storage ring, Ph.D. thesis, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 2020.
  13. Z. Pan, A. Chao, X. Deng, W.-H. Huang, T. Rui, C. Tang, W. Wan, and Y. Zhang, A storage ring design for steady-state microbunching to generate coherent EUV light source, in Proceedings of the 39th Free Electron Laser Conference, Hamburg, Germany (JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland, 2019), 10.18429/JACoW-FEL2019-THP055.
  14. D. Robin, E. Forest, C. Pellegrini, and A. Amiry, Quasi-isochronous storage rings, Phys. Rev. E 48, 2149 (1993).
  15. L. Lin and C. E. T. Gonçalves da Silva, Second order single particle dynamics in quasi-isochronous storage rings and its application to the LNLS-UVX ring, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 329, 9 (1993).
  16. C. Wang and A. Chao, Analytic second-and third-order achromat designs, in Proceedings Particle Accelerator Conference (IEEE, New York, 1995), Vol. 5, pp. 2838–2840.
  17. C. Wang and A. Chao, Notes on Lie algebraic analysis of achromats, Technical Report No. SLAC/AP-100, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 1995.
  18. W. Wan and M. Berz, Analytical theory of arbitrary-order achromats, Phys. Rev. E 54, 2870 (1996).
  19. R. Nagaoka, A. Loulergue, A. Bence, P. Brunelle, A. Gamelin, L. Hoummi, A. Nadji, L. Nadolski, M. Tordeux, and A. Vivoli, Study of higher-order achromat lattice as an alternative option for the SOLEIL storage ring upgrade, in Proceedings of the 10th International Particle Accelerator Conference, Melbourne, Australia (JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland, 2019), 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPRB005.
  20. W. Wan, Theory and applications of arbitrary-order achromats, Ph.D. thesis, Michigan State University, 1995.
  21. J. Bengtsson, The sextupole scheme for the Swiss Light Source SLS: An analytic approach, Technical Report No. SLS Note 9/97, Paul Scherrer Institute, 1997.
  22. H. Ghasem, N. B. Kraljevic, B. Singh, and I. P. S. Martin, Lattice design for the Diamond-II light source storage ring, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 27, 110704 (2024).
  23. Y. Cai, K. Bane, R. Hettel, Y. Nosochkov, M.-H. Wang, and M. Borland, Ultimate storage ring based on fourth-order geometric achromats, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 15, 054002 (2012).
  24. Z. Li, X. Deng, Z. Pan, C. Tang, and A. Chao, Generalized longitudinal strong focusing in a steady-state microbunching storage ring, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 26, 110701 (2023).
  25. C. Wang, Explicit formulas for 2nd-order driving terms due to sextupoles and chromatic effects of quadrupoles, Technical Report No. ANL/APS/LS-330, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 2012.
  26. M. Borland, elegant: A flexible SDDS-compliant code for accelerator simulation, Technical Report No. ANL/APS/LS-287, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 2000.
  27. Z. Li, Z. Pan, J. Tang, C. Tang, X. Deng, and A. Chao, Analysis of nonlinear deviation in a generalized longitudinal strong focusing unit, in Proceedings of the International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC’24), Nashville, TN (2024), pp. 751–754, 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPS20.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 28, 124001– Published 30 December, 2025
  • Received 22 August 2025
  • Accepted 3 December 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation