• Accepted Paper

Scalable entanglement distribution framework for hybrid quantum networks

Yaqi Zhao, Kan He, Jinchuan Hou, Yongtao Zhang, Nicolò Lo Piparo, and Xiangyi Meng

Phys. Rev. A - Accepted 4 November, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/t7kh-3jjf

Abstract

The realization of a scalable quantum network (QN) hinges on the efficient distribution of entanglement across heterogeneous hardware platforms. Traditional QN frameworks are often restricted to single-encoding schemes, relying exclusively on either discrete (DV) or continuous (CV) variables. Such segregated architectures limit the capacity and interoperability of large-scale systems. Here, we propose a scalable hybrid entanglement distribution scheme that bridges these domains by mapping hybrid entanglement swapping and concentration protocols at DV–CV interfaces onto a unified set of series and parallel graph rules. We demonstrate that our hybrid approach exhibits a potential performance advantage over traditional point-to-point generation of maximally entangled states, achieving enhanced end-to-end entanglement within series-parallel topologies. These results provide a theoretical foundation for designing resource-efficient, interpretable architectures for the future quantum internet.

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