• Accepted Paper

Photon-conserving Raman soliton attractors in focusing and defocusing Kerr media

Weiye Huang, Junhong Yang, Tao Sun, Qian Gao, Peilong Yang, Jintao Fan, Günter Steinmeyer, Jinhui Yuan, and Chao Mei

Phys. Rev. A - Accepted 12 November, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/jzbc-pczc

Abstract

The sign of the Kerr nonlinear coefficient has long been regarded as irrelevant to the direction of the Raman-induced soliton self-frequency shift. Yet the standard generalized nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation (GNLSE) predicts a frequency shift that depends on the sign of the nonlinearity, which leads to an unphysical blue shift in the defocusing case. We resolve this inconsistency by deriving the time-domain photon-conserving GNLSE (pcGNLSE) from its established frequency-domain counterpart. The derivation identifies additional carrier-frequency terms in the Kerr and Raman operators. The resulting energy balance predicts a decrease in localized optical pulse energy, independent of the sign of the Kerr coefficient or its frequency slope. Applying the method of moments, we derive five-parameter evolution equations for bright and dark solitons and obtain constant-peak-power and constant-blackness conditions that identify Raman-soliton attractors in both focusing and defocusing Kerr media. These analytical conditions relate pulse parameters directly to dispersion, nonlinear dispersion, and Raman corrections, providing a physically consistent framework for designing Ramansoliton dynamics in emerging semiconductor waveguide and microresonator platforms.

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