Achieving a measurement precision beyond the standard quantum limit (SQL) is a fundamental objective in quantum metrology. In this manuscript, we propose a streamlined protocol for weak signal sensing in a trapped-ion spin-oscillator system, which simultaneously exploits detuned motional squeezing and spin-oscillator entanglement. By combining these two quantum resources, the phase accumulation in this spin system is significantly accelerated, as a result leading to an exponential improvement in the sensitivity, compared to the unsqueezed case. Remarkably, we show that the significant metrological gain provided by our protocol persists in the presence of noise, with the sensitivity remaining below the SQL. In particular, our protocol retains a distinct advantage in the short interrogation time regime, thus demonstrating its practical potential in quantum-enhanced sensing.