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    Self-testing of nonmaximal genuine entangled states using tripartite Hardy relations

    Ranendu Adhikary1,*, Souradeep Sasmal2,†, and Arup Roy3,‡

    • *Contact author: ronjumath@gmail.com
    • †Contact author: souradeep.007@gmail.com
    • ‡Contact author: arup145.roy@gmail.com

    Phys. Rev. A 112, 022407 – Published 1 August, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/yfsz-xt2f

    Abstract

    We demonstrate that, in the tripartite scenario with all parties' local events being space-like separated, Hardy-type nonlocality reveals a stronger nonlocal correlation than those captured by Mermin-type inequalities, an important distinction previously unrecognized. To substantiate this assertion, we develop a general framework for tripartite correlations by extending the notion of Settings Independence and Outcome Independence beyond their bipartite formulation. This framework highlights the pivotal role of Hardy-type reasoning in detecting genuine multipartite nonlocality. Furthermore, we show that the tripartite Hardy-nonlocality enables self-testing of a broad class of pure nonmaximally genuine entangled tripartite states, offering a key advantage over Bell inequality-based methods by allowing certification even under nonmaximal violations. Unlike Bell functionals, which typically self-test only a single extremal point, the Hardy relation self-tests a set of extremal correlations for any nonzero Hardy probability. This, in turn, facilitates the device-independent certification of randomness from Hardy-type correlations. We find that the maximum certifiable randomness is log27≈2.8073-bits, highlighting both the practical and foundational significance of Hardy-based techniques for quantum randomness generation.

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