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Boosted fusion gates above the percolation threshold for scalable graph-state generation

Yong-Peng Guo1,2,3,*, Geng-Yan Zou1,2,3,*, Xing Ding3,*, Qi-Hang Zhang1,2,3,*, Mo-Chi Xu1,2,3, Run-Ze Liu1,2,3,†, Jun-Yi Zhao1,2,3, Zhen-Xuan Ge1,2,3, Li-Chao Peng4 et al.

Ke-Mi Xu4, Yi-Yang Lou1,2,3, Zhen Ning1,2,3, Lin-Jun Wang5, Hui Wang1,2,3, Yong-Heng Huo1,2,3, Yu-Ming He1,2,3, Chao-Yang Lu1,2,3, and Jian-Wei Pan1,2,3

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Present address: Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.

Phys. Rev. A 113, L040602 – Published 9 April, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/xt7c-qv52

Abstract

Fusing small resource states into a larger-scale, highly connected graph state is essential for scalable photonic quantum computing. Theoretical analysis reveals that this can only be achieved when the success probability of the fusion gate surpasses a specific percolation threshold of 58.98% by using three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states as resource states. However, such an implementation of a fusion gate has never been experimentally realized before. Here, we successfully demonstrate a boosted fusion gate with a theoretical success probability of 75%, using deterministically generated auxiliary states. The success probability is experimentally measured to be 71.0(7)%. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of the boosted fusion gate by fusing two Bell states with a fidelity of 67(2)%. Our work paves a crucial path toward scalable linear optical quantum computing.

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