Exact quantification of bipartite entanglement in unresolvable spin ensembles
Phys. Rev. A 112, 052402 – Published 3 November, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/vcqj-xd7z
Abstract
Quantifying mixed-state entanglement in many-body systems has been a formidable task. In this work, we quantify the entanglement of states in unresolvable spin ensembles, which are inherently mixed. By exploiting their permutationally invariant properties, we show that the bipartite entanglement of a wide range of unresolvable ensemble states can be calculated exactly. Our formalism is versatile; it can be used to evaluate the entanglement in an ensemble with an arbitrary number of particles, effective angular momentum, and bipartition. We apply our method to explore the characteristics of entanglement in different physically motivated scenarios, including states with definite magnetization and metrologically useful superpositions such as Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states and spin-squeezed states. Our method can help understand the role of entanglement in spin-ensemble-based quantum technologies.
