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  • Open Access

Scaling bound entanglement through local extensions

Robin Krebs* and Mariami Gachechiladze†

  • *Contact author: robinbenedikt.krebs@stud.tu-darmstadt.de
  • †Contact author: mariami.gachechiladze@tu-darmstadt.de
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Phys. Rev. A 113, 062428 – Published 9 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/tcq7-q96m

Abstract

Entanglement is a central resource in quantum information science, yet its structure in high dimensions remains notoriously difficult to characterize. One of the few general results on high-dimensional entanglement is given by peel-off theorems, which relate the entanglement of a state to that of its lower-dimensional local projections. We build on this idea by introducing local extensions, the inverse process to peel-off projections, which provide a systematic way to construct higher-dimensional entangled states from lower-dimensional ones. This dual perspective leads to general bounds on how the Schmidt number can change under projections and extensions, and reveals mechanisms for generating bound entangled states of higher dimensionality. As a concrete application, we construct a positive-partial-transpose state of Schmidt number three in local dimensions 4×5, the smallest system known to host such entanglement. We further extend this approach to identify an elegant family of generalized grid states with increasing Schmidt number, including explicit examples of a 7×7 state with Schmidt number 4 and a 9×9 state with Schmidt number 5, suggesting (d+1)/2 scaling in odd local dimensions d×d. Taken together, our results provide a constructive toolkit for probing the scaling of bound entanglement in high dimensions.

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Phys. Rev. A 113, 062428– Published 9 June, 2026
  • Received 17 November 2025
  • Accepted 13 May 2026
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