Exact treatment of the memory kernel under time-dependent system-environment coupling via a train of delta distributions
Phys. Rev. A 113, 012224 – Published 26 January, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/t9wh-k9pz
Abstract
Memory effects in a quantum system coupled to an environment are one of the central features in the theory of open quantum systems. The dynamics of such quantum systems are typically governed by an equation of motion with a time-convolution integral of the memory kernel. However, solving such integrodifferential equations is challenging, especially when the memory kernel is nonstationary (not time-translation invariant). In this paper, we analytically and nonperturbatively solve such integrodifferential equations with a nonstationary memory kernel by employing a train of Dirac-delta switchings. We then apply this method to the damped Jaynes-Cummings model and the damped harmonic oscillator model to demonstrate that (i) our solution asymptotes to the well-known exact solution in the continuum limit and that (ii) our method also enables us to visualize the memory effect in the environment.
