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  • Open Access

Coulomb-corrected reconstruction of ionization and recombination times in high-order harmonic generation with orthogonally polarized two-color fields

Mohammad Monfared* and Manfred Lein†

  • *Contact author: m.monfared@yahoo.com
  • †Contact author: lein@itp.uni-hannover.de
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Phys. Rev. A 113, 053106 – Published 11 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/s1ld-j7vz

Abstract

Accurate knowledge about electron dynamics in strong-field phenomena is crucial for understanding ultrafast processes at the attosecond scale. In this work, we improve the time-retrieval method for extracting electron ionization and return times from experimental observables in high-order harmonic generation. We address an existing approximation for the condition to maximize the harmonic intensity, and we introduce an accurate alternative equation. Furthermore, we introduce a numerical approach to incorporate Coulomb corrections into the retrieval procedure by calculating the Coulomb-induced shift of the electron velocity via integration of the Coulomb force, and the Coulomb action via integration of the Coulomb potential, both along the electron trajectories. Our refined method significantly improves the precision and reliability of the retrieved electron dynamics, establishing a robust foundation for future attosecond-scale investigations.

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Phys. Rev. A 113, 053106– Published 11 May, 2026
  • Received 7 October 2025
  • Accepted 20 April 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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