- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review A

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Precision test of bound-state QED at intermediate Z with kaonic neon

Manti S.1,*, F. Sgaramella1, L. Abbene2,1, C. Amsler3,†, F. Artibani1,4, M. Bazzi1, G. Borghi5,6, D. Bosnar7,1, M. Bragadireanu8 et al. (SIDDHARTA-2 Collaboration)

M. Bragadireanu8, A. Buttacavoli2,1, M. Carminati5,6, A. Clozza1, F. Clozza1,9, L. De Paolis1, R. Del Grande10,1, K. Dulski1,11,12, C. Fiorini5,6, I. Friščić7, C. Guaraldo1,‡, M. A. Iliescu1, P. Indelicato13, M. Iwasaki14, A. Khreptak11,12,1, J. Marton3,15, P. Moskal11,12, H. Ohnishi16, K. Piscicchia1,17, F. Principato2,1, A. Scordo1, M. Silarski11, D. Sirghi17,1,8, F. Sirghi1,8, M. Skurzok11,12,1, J. Sommerfeldt13, A. Spallone1, K. Toho16,1, L. Toscano5,6, O. Vazquez Doce1, J. Zmeskal3,‡, and C. Curceanu1,8 (SIDDHARTA-2 Collaboration)

  • *Contact author: simone.manti@lnf.infn.it
  • †Present address: Marietta Blau Institute for Particle Physics, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
  • ‡Deceased.
PDF

Phys. Rev. A 113, 022815 – Published 19 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/rry5-tdqb

Abstract

We report Dirac-Fock calculations of transition energies for kaonic neon. For the most intense line, the 7–6 transition, the calculated energy is 9450.28 eV, which includes a bound-state quantum electrodynamics (BSQED) contribution of 12.66 eV. This is in excellent agreement with the recent SIDDHARTHA-2 measurement at DAΦNE of 9450.23±0.37(stat.)±1.50(syst.)eV. With the quantum electrodynamics contribution far exceeding experimental uncertainty, these results establish kaonic atoms as sensitive platforms for precision tests of BSQED in intermediate-Z systems.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (46)

  1. P. Indelicato, in Atomic Physics with Heavy Ions, edited by H. F. Beyer and V. P. Shevelko (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1999), pp. 92–116.
  2. P. Indelicato and P. J. Mohr, in Handbook of Relativistic Quantum Chemistry (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2016), pp. 1–110.
  3. C. G. Parthey, A. Matveev, J. Alnis, B. Bernhardt, A. Beyer, R. Holzwarth, A. Maistrou, R. Pohl, K. Predehl, T. Udem, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 203001 (2011).
  4. P. Indelicato, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 52, 232001 (2019).
  5. V. M. Shabaev, A. I. Bondarev, D. A. Glazov, M. Y. Kaygorodov, Y. S. Kozhedub, I. A. Maltsev, A. V. Malyshev, R. V. Popov, I. I. Tupitsyn, and N. A. Zubova, Hyperfine Interact. 239, 60 (2018).
  6. J. Morgner, B. Tu, C. M. König, T. Sailer, F. Heiße, H. Bekker, B. Sikora, C. Lyu, V. A. Yerokhin, Z. Harman, et al., Nature (London) 622, 53 (2023).
  7. J. Ullmann, Z. Andelkovic, C. Brandau, A. Dax, W. Geithner, C. Geppert, C. Gorges, M. Hammen, V. Hannen, S. Kaufmann, et al., Nat. Commun. 8, 15484 (2017).
  8. A. V. Volotka, D. A. Glazov, G. Plunien, and V. M. Shabaev, Ann. Phys. 525, 636 (2013).
  9. N. Paul, G. Bian, T. Azuma, S. Okada, and P. Indelicato, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 173001 (2021).
  10. D. Gotta, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 52, 133 (2004).
  11. B. Jeckelmann, T. Nakada, W. Beer, G. de Chambrier, O. Elsenhans, K. L. Giovanetti, P. F. A. Goudsmit, H. J. Leisi, A. Rüetschi, O. Piller, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1444 (1986).
  12. L. M. Simons, D. Abbot, B. Bach, R. Bacher, A. Badertscher, P. Blüm, P. DeCecco, J. Eades, J. Egger, K. Elsener, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 87, 293 (1994).
  13. R. Bacher, P. Blüm, D. Gotta, K. Heitlinger, M. Schneider, J. Missimer, and L. M. Simons, Phys. Rev. A 39, 1610 (1989).
  14. K. Kirch, D. Abbott, B. Bach, P. Hauser, P. Indelicato, F. Kottmann, J. Missimer, P. Patte, R. T. Siegel, L. Simons, et al., Phys. Rev. A 59, 3375 (1999).
  15. S. Lenz, G. Borchert, H. Gorke, D. Gotta, T. Siems, D. F. Anagnostopoulos, M. Augsburger, D. Chatellard, J. P. Egger, D. Belmiloud, P. El-Khoury, P. Indelicato, M. Daum, P. Hauser, K. Kirch, and L. M. Simons, Phys. Lett. B 416, 50 (1998).
  16. M. Trassinelli, D. F. Anagnostopoulos, G. Borchert, A. Dax, J.-P. Egger, D. Gotta, M. Hennebach, P. Indelicato, Y.-W. Liu, B. Manil, N. Nelms, L. M. Simons, and A. Wells, EPJ Web Conf. 130, 01022 (2016).
  17. M. Trassinelli, D. F. Anagnostopoulos, G. Borchert, A. Dax, J. P. Egger, D. Gotta, M. Hennebach, P. Indelicato, Y. W. Liu, B. Manil, N. Nelms, L. M. Simons, and A. Wells, Phys. Lett. B 759, 583 (2016).
  18. F. Sgaramella, D. Sirghi, K. Toho, F. Clozza, L. Abbene, C. Amsler, F. Artibani, M. Bazzi, G. Borghi, D. Bosnar, et al., Phys. Lett. B 865, 139492 (2025).
  19. T. Okumura, T. Azuma, D. A. Bennett, I. Chiu, W. B. Doriese, M. S. Durkin, J. W. Fowler, J. D. Gard, T. Hashimoto, R. Hayakawa, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 173001 (2023).
  20. T. Okumura, T. Azuma, D. A. Bennett, W. B . Doriese, M. S. Durkin, J. W. Fowler, J. D. Gard, T. Hashimoto, R. Hayakawa, Y. Ichinohe, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 243001 (2025).
  21. C. Curceanu, C. Guaraldo, M. Iliescu, M. Cargnelli, R. Hayano, J. Marton, J. Zmeskal, T. Ishiwatari, M. Iwasaki, S. Okada, et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 025006 (2019).
  22. G. Backenstoss, A. Bamberger, I. Bergström, T. Bunaciu, J. Egger, R. Hagelberg, S. Hultberg, H. Koch, Y. Lynen, H. G. Ritter, et al., Phys. Lett. B 43, 431 (1973).
  23. L. M. Barkov, I. B. Vasserman, M. S. Zolotorev, N. I. Krupin, S. I. Serednyakov, A. N. Skrinsky, V. P. Smakhtin, E. P. Solodov, G. M. Tumaikin, Y. M. Shatunov, et al., Nucl. Phys. B 148, 53 (1979).
  24. S. C. Cheng, Y. Asano, M. Y. Chen, G. Dugan, E. Hu, L. Lidofsky, W. Patton, C. S. Wu, V. Hughes, and D. Lu, Nucl. Phys. A 254, 381 (1975).
  25. G. K. Lum, C. E. Wiegand, E. G. Kessler, R. D. Deslattes, L. Jacobs, W. Schwitz, and R. Seki, Phys. Rev. D 23, 2522 (1981).
  26. A. Denisov, A. Zhelamkov, Y. Ivanov, L. Lapina, M. Levchanko, V. Malakhov, A. Petrunin, A. Sergeev, A. Smirnov, V. Suvorov, et al., JETP Lett. 54, 558 (1991).
  27. K. P. Gall, E. Austin, J. P. Miller, F. O'Brien, B. L. Roberts, D. R. Tieger, G. W. Dodson, M. Eckhause, J. Ginkel, P. P. Guss, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 186 (1988).
  28. S. Navas, C. Amsler, T. Gutsche, C. Hanhart, J. Hernández-Rey, C. Lourenço, A. Masoni, M. Mikhasenko, R. Mitchell, Patrignani, et al., Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024).
  29. J. V. Mallow, J. P. Desclaux, and A. J. Freeman, Phys. Rev. A 17, 1804 (1978).
  30. M. Miliucci, A. Scordo, D. Sirghi, A. Amirkhani, A. Baniahmad, M. Bazzi, D. Bosnar, M. Bragadireanu, M. Carminati, M. Cargnelli, et al., Meas. Sci. Technol. 32, 095501 (2021).
  31. C. Milardi, D. Alesini, S. Bini, O. R. Blanco-García, M. Boscolo, B. Buonomo, S. Cantarella, S. Caschera, A. De Santis, G. Delle Monache, et al., in Proceedings of 9th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC'18), Vancouver, BC, Canada (JACOW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018), pp. 334–337.
  32. C. Milardi, D. Alesini, O. R. Blanco-García, M. Boscolo, B. Buonomo S. Cantarella, A. De Santis, C. Di Giulio, G. Di Pirro, A. Drago, et al., in Proceedings of 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC2021), Campinas, SP, Brazil (JACOW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland, 2021), pp. 1322–1325.
  33. C. Milardi, D. Alesini, O. Blanco-García, M. Boscolo, B. Buonomo, S. Cantarella, J. Chavanne, A. D'Uffizi, A. De Santis, C. Di Giulio, et al., in Proceedings of 15th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC'24) (JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland, 2024), pp. 2504–2507.
  34. F. Sirghi, M. Iliescu, L. Abbene, C. Amsler, M. Bazzi, G. Borghi, D. Bosnar, M. Bragadireanu, A. Buttacavoli, M. Carminati, et al., J. Instrum. 19, P11006 (2024).
  35. G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, and C. Thibault, Nucl. Phys. A 729, 337 (2003), The 2003 NUBASE and Atomic Mass Evaluations.
  36. F. Sgaramella, M. Tüchler, C. Amsler, M. Bazzi, D. Bosnar, M. Bragadireanu, M. Cargnelli, M. Carminati, A. Clozza, G. Deda, et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 59, 56 (2023).
  37. J. P. Santos, F. Parente, S. Boucard, P. Indelicato, and J. P. Desclaux, Phys. Rev. A 71, 032501 (2005).
  38. E. Tiesinga, P. J. Mohr, D. B. Newell, and B. N. Taylor, Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 025010 (2021).
  39. J. M. Schmidt, G. Soff, and P. J. Mohr, Phys. Rev. A 40, 2176 (1989).
  40. G. Soff and P. J. Mohr, Phys. Rev. A 38, 5066 (1988).
  41. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/rry5-tdqb for extended tables of transition energy calculations.
  42. M. Trassinelli and P. Indelicato, Phys. Rev. A 76, 012510 (2007).
  43. G. R. Burbidge and A. H. de Borde, Phys. Rev. 89, 189 (1953).
  44. V. R. Akylas and P. Vogel, Comput. Phys. Commun. 15, 291 (1978).
  45. T. Koike, in 2nd International Conference on Exotic Atoms and Related Topics (Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Wien, Germany, 2005), pp. 215–219.
  46. S. Manti, Precision test of bound-state QED at intermediate Z with kaonic neon [Data set], Zenodo (2026), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18619466.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. A 113, 022815– Published 19 February, 2026
  • Received 25 August 2025
  • Accepted 30 January 2026
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation