- Open Access
Nonreciprocal macroscopic entanglement through magnon squeezing in cavity magnomechanics
Phys. Rev. A 113, 053717 – Published 18 May, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/rl1p-vgj1
Abstract
Cavity magnomechanics has opened a new frontier in quantum electrodynamics, yielding several significant theoretical and experimental results. In this paper, we propose a different theoretical mechanism to achieve nonreciprocal macroscopic entanglement among magnons, photons, and phonons based on magnon squeezing. Specifically, reversing the squeezing phase, namely, , reverses the frequency shift and the effective dissipation rate simultaneously, producing two experimentally distinct configurations that enable nonreciprocal entanglement. Indeed, in contrast to conventional approaches that control only frequency shifts, we show how precise control of the amplitude and phase of the squeezed mode allows us to obtain a tunable nonreciprocity of entanglement. The magnons resulting from the collective motion of the spin in a macroscopic ferrimagnet become coupled to the microwave photons via magnetic dipole interaction and to the phonons via magnetostrictive interaction. Moreover, we show that the proposed scheme achieves ideal nonreciprocity, which can be optimized by cavity-magnon coupling and bath temperature control. Finally, by using the parameters that are experimentally feasible with current technologies, this work provides promising perspectives for hybrid magnon-based quantum technologies.
Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)
Article Text
References (68)
- X. Zuo, Z. Y. Fan, H. Qian, M. S. Ding, H. Tan, H. Xiong, and J. Li, Cavity magnomechanics: From classical to quantum, New J. Phys. 26, 031201 (2024).
- J. Li, S. Y. Zhu, and G. S. Agarwal, Magnon-photon-phonon entanglement in cavity magnomechanics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 203601 (2018).
- M. Yu, H. Shen, and J. Li, Magnetostrictively induced stationary entanglement between two microwave fields, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 213604 (2020).
- X. Zhang, C. L. Zou, L. Jiang, and H. X. Tang, Cavity magnomechanics, Sci. Adv. 2, e1501286 (2016).
- Z. Zhang, M. O. Scully, and G. S. Agarwal, Quantum entanglement between two magnon modes via Kerr nonlinearity driven far from equilibrium, Phys. Rev. Res. 1, 023021 (2019).
- A. Osada, R. Hisatomi, A. Noguchi, Y. Tabuchi, R. Yamazaki, K. Usami, and Y. Nakamura, Cavity optomagnonics with spin-orbit coupled photons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 223601 (2016).
- X. Zhang, N. Zhu, C. L. Zou, and H. X. Tang, Optomagnonic whispering gallery microresonators, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 123605 (2016).
- H. Huebl, C. W. Zollitsch, J. Lotze, F. Hocke, M. Greifenstein, A. Marx, and S. T. Goennenwein, High cooperativity in coupled microwave resonator ferrimagnetic insulator hybrids, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 127003 (2013).
- F. Heyroth, C. Hauser, P. Trempler, P. Geyer, F. Syrowatka, R. Dreyer, and G. Schmidt, Monocrystalline freestanding three-dimensional yttrium-iron-garnet magnon nanoresonators, Phys. Rev. Appl. 12, 054031 (2019).
- Z. Imara, I. P. Castillo, K. E. Anouz, and A. E. Allati, Tunable entangling and steering of ferrimagnetic magnons via an optomagnomechanical ring, Adv. Quantum Technol. 9, e00726 (2026).
- Z. Imara, K. E. Anouz, F. Saif, and A. E. Allati, Quantum effect in a hybrid Bose-Einstein condensate opto-magnomechanical system, J. Phys. B 57, 235501 (2024).
- A. A. Serga, A. V. Chumak, and B. Hillebrands, YIG magnonics, J. Phys. D 43, 264002 (2010).
- G. T. Xu, M. Zhang, Z. Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. X. Liu, Z. Shen, and C. H. Dong, Ringing spectroscopy in the magnomechanical system, Fundam. Res. 3, 45 (2023).
- J. Tang and H. Z. Shen, Non-Markovian frequency conversion between optical and microwave photons with magnetomechanical transduction, Phys. Rev. A 110, 043706 (2024).
- J. Li, Y. P. Wang, W. J. Wu, S. Y. Zhu, and J. Q. You, Quantum network with magnonic and mechanical nodes, PRX Quantum 2, 040344 (2021).
- Y. Tabuchi, S. Ishino, T. Ishikawa, R. Yamazaki, K. Usami, and Y. Nakamura, Hybridizing ferromagnetic magnons and microwave photons in the quantum limit, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 083603 (2014).
- X. Zhang, C. L. Zou, L. Jiang, and H. X. Tang, Strongly coupled magnons and cavity microwave photons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 156401 (2014).
- D. Zhang, X. Q. Luo, Y. P. Wang, T. F. Li, and J. Q. You, Observation of the exceptional point in cavity magnon-polaritons, Nat. Commun. 8, 1368 (2017).
- M. Asjad, J. Li, S. Y. Zhu, and J. Q. You, Magnon squeezing enhanced ground-state cooling in cavity magnomechanics, Fundam. Res. 3, 3 (2023).
- T. X. Lu, X. Xiao, L. S. Chen, Q. Zhang, and H. Jing, Magnon-squeezing-enhanced slow light and second-order sideband in cavity magnomechanics, Phys. Rev. A 107, 063714 (2023).
- J. Li, Y. P. Wang, J. Q. You, and S. Y. Zhu, Squeezing microwaves by magnetostriction, Natl. Sci. Rev. 10, nwac247 (2023).
- H. Qian, X. Zuo, Z. Y. Fan, J. Cheng, and J. Li, Strong squeezing of microwave output fields via reservoir-engineered cavity magnomechanics, Phys. Rev. A 109, 013704 (2024).
- Q. Guo, J. Cheng, H. Tan, and J. Li, Magnon squeezing by two-tone driving of a qubit in cavity-magnon-qubit systems, Phys. Rev. A 108, 063703 (2023).
- Z. Y. Fan, H. B. Zhu, H. T. Li, and J. Li, Magnon squeezing via reservoir-engineered optomagnomechanics, APL Photonics 9, 100804 (2024).
- J. Li, S. Y. Zhu, and G. S. Agarwal, Squeezed states of magnons and phonons in cavity magnomechanics, Phys. Rev. A 99, 021801(R) (2019).
- Z. Imara, K. El Anouz, and A. El Allati, Engineering and control of the entanglement for four magnon modes inside two microwave cavities, J. Phys. B 57, 185501 (2024).
- M. Amazioug, D. Dutykh, B. Teklu, and M. Asjad, Achieving strong magnon blockade through magnon squeezing in a cavity magnetomechanical system, Ann. Phys. (Berlin, Ger.) 536, 2300357 (2024).
- Y. F. Jiao, S. D. Zhang, Y. L. Zhang, A. Miranowicz, L. M. Kuang, and H. Jing, Nonreciprocal optomechanical entanglement against backscattering losses, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 143605 (2020).
- Y. F. Jiao, J. X. Liu, Y. Li, R. Yang, L. M. Kuang, and H. Jing, Nonreciprocal enhancement of remote entanglement between nonidentical mechanical oscillators, Phys. Rev. Appl. 18, 064008 (2022).
- G. B. Malykin, The Sagnac effect: Correct and incorrect explanations, Phys. Usp. 43, 1229 (2000).
- S. Maayani, R. Dahan, Y. Kligerman, E. Moses, A. U. Hassan, H. Jing, and T. Carmon, Flying couplers above spinning resonators generate irreversible refraction, Nature (London) 558, 569 (2018).
- T. X. Lu, B. Li, Y. Wang, D. Y. Wang, X. Xiao, and H. Jing, Directional quantum-squeezing-enabled nonreciprocal enhancement of entanglement, Phys. Rev. Appl. 22, 064001 (2024).
- Z. Fan, X. Zuo, H. Li, and J. Li, Nonreciprocal entanglement in cavity magnomechanics exploiting chiral cavity-magnon coupling, Fundam. Res. 5, 1958 (2025).
- D. Kong, J. Xu, and F. Wang, Nonreciprocal entanglement of ferrimagnetic magnons and nitrogen-vacancy-center ensembles by Kerr nonlinearity, Phys. Rev. Appl. 21, 034061 (2024).
- J. Chen, X. G. Fan, W. Xiong, D. Wang, and L. Ye, Nonreciprocal photon-phonon entanglement in Kerr-modified spinning cavity magnomechanics, Phys. Rev. A 109, 043512 (2024).
- J. Chen, X. G. Fan, W. Xiong, D. Wang, and L. Ye, Nonreciprocal entanglement in cavity-magnon optomechanics, Phys. Rev. B 108, 024105 (2023).
- Q. Guo, J. X. Wang, C. H. Bai, Y. Zhang, G. Li, and T. Zhang, Nonreciprocal macroscopic entanglement between two magnon modes induced by Kerr nonlinearity, Phys. Rev. B 112, 144422 (2025).
- T. X. Lu, Z. S. Li, L. S. Chen, Y. Wang, X. Xiao, and H. Jing, Nonreciprocal entanglement in cavity magnomechanics via the Barnett effect, Phys. Rev. A 111, 013713 (2025).
- P. C. Ge, Y. Yu, H. T. Wu, X. Han, H. F. Wang, and S. Zhang, Nonreciprocal bipartite and tripartite entanglement in cavity-magnon optomechanics via the Barnett effect, Sci. Rep. 15, 7937 (2025).
- G. S. Agarwal and S. Huang, Strong mechanical squeezing and its detection, Phys. Rev. A 93, 043844 (2016).
- C. A. Potts, E. Varga, V. A. Bittencourt, S. V. Kusminskiy, and J. P. Davis, Dynamical backaction magnomechanics, Phys. Rev. X 11, 031053 (2021).
- R. C. Shen, J. Li, Z. Y. Fan, Y. P. Wang, and J. Q. You, Mechanical bistability in Kerr-modified cavity magnomechanics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 123601 (2022).
- C. Kittel, Interaction of spin waves and ultrasonic waves in ferromagnetic crystals, Phys. Rev. 110, 836 (1958).
- Y. P. Wang, G. Q. Zhang, D. Zhang, T. F. Li, C. M. Hu, and J. Q. You, Bistability of cavity magnon polaritons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 057202 (2018).
- Y.-P. Wang, G.-Q. Zhang, D. Zhang, X.-Q. Luo, W. Xiong, S.-P. Wang, T.-F. Li, C.-M. Hu, and J. Q. You, Magnon Kerr effect in a strongly coupled cavity-magnon system, Phys. Rev. B 94, 224410 (2016).
- H. Xiong, Magnonic frequency combs based on the resonantly enhanced magnetostrictive effect, Fundam. Res. 3, 8 (2023).
- H. Y. Yuan, Y. Cao, A. Kamra, R. A. Duine, and P. Yan, Quantum magnonics: When magnon spintronics meets quantum information science, Phys. Rep. 965, 1 (2022).
- A. Kamra and W. Belzig, Super-Poissonian shot noise of squeezed-magnon mediated spin transport, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 146601 (2016).
- C. Gardiner and P. Zoller, Quantum Noise (Springer, Berlin, 2004).
- D. Vitali, S. Gigan, A. Ferreira, H. R. Boehm, P. Tombesi, A. Guerreiro, and M. Aspelmeyer, Optomechanical entanglement between a movable mirror and a cavity field, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 030405 (2007).
- D. F. Walls and G. J. Milburn, Quantum Optics (Springer, Berlin, 1994).
- C. Genes, D. Vitali, P. Tombesi, S. Gigan, and M. Aspelmeyer, Ground-state cooling of a micromechanical oscillator: Comparing cold damping and cavity-assisted cooling schemes, Phys. Rev. A 77, 033804 (2008).
- P. D. Drummond and C. W. Gardiner, Generalized P-representations in quantum optics, J. Phys. A 13, 2353 (1980).
- R. Benguria and M. Kac, Quantum Langevin equation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 46, 1 (1981).
- C. Kong, B. Wang, Z. X. Liu, H. Xiong, and Y. Wu, Magnetically controllable slow light based on magnetostrictive forces, Opt. Express 27, 5544 (2019).
- G. Vidal and R. F. Werner, Computable measure of entanglement, Phys. Rev. A 65, 032314 (2002).
- M. B. Plenio, Logarithmic negativity: A full entanglement monotone that is not convex, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 090503 (2005).
- G. Adesso and F. Illuminati, Continuous variable tangle, monogamy inequality, and entanglement sharing in Gaussian states of continuous variable systems, New J. Phys. 8, 15 (2006).
- G. Adesso and F. Illuminati, Entanglement in continuous-variable systems: Recent advances and current perspectives, J. Phys. A 40, 7821 (2007).
- V. Coffman, J. Kundu, and W. K. Wootters, Distributed entanglement, Phys. Rev. A 61, 052306 (2000).
- We choose a higher magnon-phonon coupling value than that given in [4]. This higher coupling reduces the pumping power required and avoids undesirable nonlinear effects. It is possible that smaller YIG spheres could achieve these coupling values [2]. Also, the cavity-magnon coupling can be much more important than , as shown in [25].
- E. X. DeJesus and C. Kaufman, Routh-Hurwitz criterion in the examination of eigenvalues of a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, Phys. Rev. A 35, 5288 (1987).
- The applied drive magnetic field is related to the microwave power via [2], where is the maximum cross-sectional area, denotes the radius of the YIG sphere, defines the vacuum magnetic permeability, and is the speed of an electromagnetic wave propagating in vacuum.
- The drive power is used within the experimental range accessible in cavity magnomechanics experiments, where typical drive powers range from less than 1 mW to a few hundred milliwatts via loop antennas [3, 21, 44].
- Z. Y. Fan, H. Qian, and J. Li, Stationary optomagnonic entanglement and magnon-to-optics quantum state transfer via opto-magnomechanics, Quantum Sci. Technol. 8, 015014 (2023).
- The magnon mode in a -diameter YIG sphere consists of a large number of spins (about spins) and is considered to operate on a macroscopic scale sufficient to be identified as a macroscopic quantum state.
- J. J. Sakurai and J. Napolitano, Modern Quantum Mechanics, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017).
- V. Giovannetti and D. Vitali, Phase-noise measurement in a cavity with a movable mirror undergoing quantum Brownian motion, Phys. Rev. A 63, 023812 (2001).