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  • Open Access

Second-order correlations in directed emissions in sodium atoms

Ara Tonoyan

Sushree Subhadarshinee Sahoo

Anahit Gogyan*

Oleg Tretiak and Razmik Aramyan

Alexander Akulshin

Dmitry Budker

  • *Contact author: agogyan@gmail.com
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Phys. Rev. A 113, 063710 – Published 5 June, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/q1s4-njnb

Abstract

We report second-order intensity correlations g(2)(τ) of directional midinfrared emissions from sodium vapor under bichromatic continuous-wave excitation. Directional emission at 2.34µm in the forward direction and at 2.21µm in both forward and backward directions exhibits g(2)(0) values that exceed unity yet remain well below the thermal limit of 2, indicating subthermal photon bunching characteristics of a multimode collectively driven process rather than purely independent amplified spontaneous emission. Cross-correlation measurements reveal that the counterpropagating 2.21−µm beams are positively correlated, demonstrating dynamic coupling between the two emission channels. Persistent oscillations in g(2)(τ), observed across a broad range of pump powers, shift systematically to higher frequencies with increasing excitation power, consistent with ac Stark shifts of hyperfine sublevels. Together, these observations establish that the emission arises from a phase-matched, continuous-wave collective process combining features of mirrorless lasing and amplified spontaneous emission, with long-range dipole coherence and velocity-selective coupling governing the photon statistics and the forward-backward emission symmetry. The experiment uses a 10-cm buffer-gas-free sodium vapor cell under bichromatic excitation at 589.2 and 569.0 nm; the emitted midinfrared light is detected in a Hanbury Brown–Twiss configuration. The demonstrated backward emission is of particular interest for applications in laser guide star generation and mesospheric remote sensing, where understanding the statistical properties of the emitted light is essential for optimizing sodium-based light sources.

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Information

Phys. Rev. A 113, 063710– Published 5 June, 2026
  • Received 25 November 2025
  • Accepted 19 May 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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