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    Relativistic calculations of energy levels, field shift factors, and polarizabilities of mercury and copernicium

    Hongxu Liu1,2,*, Jize Han3,*, Yanmei Yu2,4,†, Yanfeng Ge1, Yong Liu1, and Zhiguo Huang3

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: ymyu@aphy.iphy.ac.cn

    Phys. Rev. A 113, 022813 – Published 17 February, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/ntv1-8d5w

    Abstract

    Mercury and the superheavy element copernicium are investigated using equation-of-motion relativistic coupled-cluster (EOM-RCC) and configuration interaction plus many-body perturbation (CI+MBPT) theory methods. The key atomic properties, including ionization potentials, excitation energies, isotope field shift factors, and static electric dipole polarizabilities, are calculated for ground and low-lying excited states. The theoretical accuracy is assessed by comparing the calculated results for Hg with available experimental data, which serve as benchmarks. Furthermore, basis-set dependence in the EOM-RCC calculations and d-hole excitation in the CI+MBPT method are systematically evaluated in order to reveal the source of uncertainties for the highly excited states. These results for Hg and Cn can serve as guidance for future experimental studies.

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