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    Differential evolution optimization of entangled SrO pendular qubits: From Bell states to noise-robust and hybrid qutrit-qubit control

    Yunxia Huang*, Haizhi Fang*, Ruiling He, Jinyang Xiao, Meng Cao, Chengying Zhao, Jiaxin Peng†, and Shuwu Xu‡

    • School of Physical Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China

    • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
    • †Contact author: jiaxinpeng@ntu.edu.cn
    • ‡Contact author: xsw@ntu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. A 113, 062405 – Published 1 June, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/nk7x-qvbc

    Abstract

    Quantum entanglement and coherence constitute fundamental resources for quantum information processing. Ultracold polar molecules, with their permanent electric dipole moments and tunable Stark levels, offer a promising platform for scalable quantum computing. In this work we propose qubit encoding in the pendular states of SrO molecules and employ the differential evolution (DE) algorithm, a global optimization strategy, to design microwave control fields for high-fidelity preparation of entangled states. In the absence of noise, fidelities above 0.9983 and concurrences above 0.9974 are achieved for Bell states and maximally coherent states. Under three representative Pauli noise channels, i.e., bit flip, dephasing, and isotropic noise, the DE-optimized control fields exhibit strong robustness, enabling reliable state preparation even in noisy environments. Furthermore, we extend this approach to prepare hybrid qutrit-qubit entangled states, demonstrating the scalability of the method. Our results provide a robust and experimentally feasible strategy for quantum state engineering with polar molecules, providing a practical link between theoretical control protocols and experimentally realistic noisy environments.

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