Photoionization time delay of open-shell atoms: Na <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>3</mn><mi>s</mi></mrow></math> near the Cooper minimum

T. W. Gorczyca; S. T. Manson

doi:10.1103/n8gb-9v24

Photoionization time delay of open-shell atoms: Na $3 s$ near the Cooper minimum

T. W. Gorczyca ^*

S. T. Manson ^†

Department of Physics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5252, USA

Department of Physics & Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-4106, USA

^*Contact author: thomas.gorczyca@wmich.edu
^†Contact author: smanson@gsu.edu

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Phys. Rev. A 113, 023103 – Published 4 February, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/n8gb-9v24

Abstract

A time delay for the open-shell Na $3 s$ photoemission process is investigated using the Breit-Pauli $R$ -matrix methodology. The results show dramatic variations with the energy and angle in the vicinity of the Cooper minimum owing to both relativistic dynamics and angular momentum geometry effects.

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Photoemission

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Physical Review A

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Photoionization time delay of open-shell atoms: Na $3 s$ near the Cooper minimum

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Photoionization time delay of open-shell atoms: Na 3s near the Cooper minimum

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Photoionization time delay of open-shell atoms: Na $3 s$ near the Cooper minimum