Demonstration of a spherical Penning trap for single electrons

Zirui Fang; Xing Fan

doi:10.1103/n3xf-344l

Demonstration of a spherical Penning trap for single electrons

Zirui Fang ^1,* and Xing Fan ^1,2,†

¹Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
²Harvard-MIT Center for Ultracold Atoms, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA

^*Contact author: zirui_fang@g.harvard.edu
^†Contact author: xingfan@g.harvard.edu

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Phys. Rev. A 114, 052805 – Published 4 November, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/n3xf-344l

Abstract

A spherical Penning trap has sparse, well-separated microwave resonances, making it attractive for precision measurements of the electron magnetic moment and for dark-photon and axion searches with trapped electrons. We demonstrate single-electron trapping in a spherical Penning trap and characterize its microwave resonance structure. The design, single-electron detection, microwave mode characterization, and advantages of this geometry are presented.

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Demonstration of a spherical Penning trap for single electrons

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Demonstration of a spherical Penning trap for single electrons

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