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    Improving shadow estimation with locally optimal dual frames

    Keijo Korhonen1,2,*, Stefano Mangini1,2, Joonas Malmi1,2, Hetta Vappula1, and Daniel Cavalcanti1

    • 1Algorithmiq Ltd, Kanavakatu 3C, 00160 Helsinki, Finland
    • 2QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 43, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland

    • *Contact author: keijo@algorithmiq.fi

    Phys. Rev. A 114, 012428 – Published 10 July, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/md4g-kjy3

    Abstract

    Accurate estimation of observables in quantum systems is a central challenge in quantum information science, yet practical implementations are fundamentally constrained by the limited number of measurement shots. In this work, we explore a variation of the classical shadows protocol in which the measurements are kept local while allowing the resulting classical shadows themselves to be correlated. By constructing locally optimal shadows, we obtain unbiased estimators that are competitive with state-of-the-art methods in terms of measurement overhead, while requiring only single-qubit measurements and allowing for the estimation of any observable in pure postprocessing, reducing estimation errors by orders of magnitude over standard classical shadows. We validate our approach through numerical experiments on molecular Hamiltonians with up to 40 qubits, consistently observing significant reductions in estimation errors, including for estimations of multiple chemically relevant observables simultaneously.

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