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    Degeneracy beyond the parity-symmetry protection in one-dimensional spinless models: The parity-violating Kerr parametric oscillator

    Jamil Khalouf-Rivera1,2, Miguel Carvajal3,4, and Francisco Pérez-Bernal3,4

    • 1Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Einstein (C2), Córdoba 14071, Spain
    • 2Depto. de Ciencias Integradas y Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Física, Matemáticas y Computación, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva 21071, Spain
    • 3Depto. de Ciencias Integradas y Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Física, Matemáticas y Computación, GIFMAN, UHU, Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el IEM, Universidad de Huelva, Huelva 21071, Spain
    • 4Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain

    Phys. Rev. A 113, 052206 – Published 7 May, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kmvc-88rh

    Abstract

    One-dimensional quantum systems that undergo spontaneous symmetry breaking, having a symmetric (nondegenerate) and a broken-symmetry (doubly degenerate) phase, have been intensely studied in different branches of physics. In most cases, the spontaneously broken symmetry is parity. However, it is possible to obtain similar phases in systems without parity symmetry, through an antiunitary symmetry that implies a twofold symmetry either on momentum or coordinate in the system's classical limit. To illustrate this phenomenon, we use a Kerr parametric oscillator (KPO) with one- and two-photon drives that, despite the breaking of parity symmetry, may have doubly degenerate levels. Different realizations of squeezed KPOs convey a great deal of attention, as effective Hamiltonians for driven superconducting circuits and the occurrence of degeneracy in such systems could be of practical interest in their application to obtain protected qubits in parity-breaking setups. In addition to this, the reported spectral features strongly indicate the existence of additional symmetries in the system.

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