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    Merging and oscillations of dipolar Bose-Einstein-condensate droplets

    Wojciech Orłowski and Bartłomiej Szafran

    • Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

    Phys. Rev. A 114, 033316 – Published 11 September, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/km38-xwbz

    Abstract

    We investigate the dynamics of Bose-Einstein-condensate droplets composed of Dy164 atoms formed in a double-well potential following removal of the interwell barrier. By solving the dipolar Gross-Pitaevskii equation, we determine phase diagrams of ground-state configurations as functions of the number of atoms confined in the double-well potential. For an interwell separation 2d=3µm, we consider the relative dipolar-to-contact interaction strengths ɛdd=1.4, 1.45, and 1.5. Symmetry-broken lowest-energy configurations are found for ɛdd=1.5 and, over a reduced range of numbers of atoms, for ɛdd=1.45, whereas no symmetry-broken states are found for ɛdd=1.4 up to N=5×104. We analyze the subsequent time evolution after removal of the central barrier, revealing both droplet oscillations and merger events leading to the formation of larger droplets. The oscillations are driven by the external potential and by the repulsive tails of the in-plane component of the dipolar interaction. For the two-droplet states at ɛdd=1.5 and 2d=3µm, merging is found for N=8000 and 8800, whereas the droplets remain separated for the investigated cases with N≥9000. Increasing the initial separation to 2d=5µm shifts the approximate upper number of atoms for merging to N≃1.65×104, demonstrating that the crossover is controlled by the competition between the postquench excess energy and the repulsive interdroplet barrier.

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