Stable high-order vortices in spin-orbit-coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates
Phys. Rev. A 112, 043305 – Published 9 October, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kb8m-847n
Abstract
The present contribution explores phase transitions that occur in the ground state (GS) of spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) under the action of gradient magnetic fields. By solving the corresponding linearized system in an exact fashion, we identify the conditions under which the GS phase transitions occur, thus transforming excited states into GSs. The study of the full nonlinear system, including both density-density and spin-spin interactions, is numerically analyzed. For the case of repulsive spin-spin interactions, the results resemble the linear case, while attractive spin-spin interactions lead to the formation of mixed states near the GS phase-transition points. Additionally, higher-order vortex states are found to be stable even in the nonlinear regime. These findings demonstrate that arbitrary winding numbers corresponding to stable GSs can be achieved, thus contributing to the understanding of topological properties in SOC BECs.
