Rabi pulling effect in a compact cold-atom clock

Haojie Zhao; Bowen Yang; Yuhan Yan; Xuejie Li; Binghong Yu; Meifeng Ye; Ling Xiao; Jinyin Wan; Jianliao Deng; Huadong Cheng

doi:10.1103/kb1q-znvl

Rabi pulling effect in a compact cold-atom clock

Haojie Zhao ^1,2, Bowen Yang^1,2, Yuhan Yan^1,3, Xuejie Li ^1,3, Binghong Yu^1,2, Meifeng Ye^1,2, Ling Xiao^1,2, Jinyin Wan ^1,2,*, Jianliao Deng ^1,2,† et al.

Huadong Cheng ^1,2,‡

¹Wangzhijiang Innovation Center for Laser, Aerospace Laser Technology and System Department, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
²Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China

^*Contact author: jywan@siom.ac.cn
^†Contact author: jldeng@siom.ac.cn
^‡Contact author: chenghd@siom.ac.cn

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Phys. Rev. A 112, 053115 – Published 24 November, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/kb1q-znvl

Abstract

We theoretically and experimentally investigate the Rabi pulling effect in an integrating sphere cold-atom clock (ISCAC). Rabi pulling in an ISCAC is caused by magnetic-sublevel transitions between hyperfine states and is related to the amplitude of the microwave pulse, the bias magnetic field, and the density distribution of cold atoms. Theoretical analysis shows the Rabi closed-loop scheme reduces microwave power fluctuation sensitivity by two orders compared to the Ramsey scheme. Experimentally, the Rabi closed-loop scheme achieves a long-term frequency stability of $1.9 \times 10^{- 15}$ at an averaging time of $200 000$ s.

Physical Review A

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Rabi pulling effect in a compact cold-atom clock

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