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    Unbounded sequence of observers exhibiting Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering via probabilistic projective measurements

    Yan-Hong Song1, Bang-Hai Wang2,*, Zhi-Hua Chen3,†, Zhihao Ma4,‡, and Hui-Juan Zuo5,§

    • *Contact author: bhwang@gdut.edu.cn
    • †Contact author: chenzhihua77@sina.com
    • ‡Contact author: mazhihao@sjtu.edu.cn
    • §Contact author: huijuanzuo@163.com

    Phys. Rev. A 114, 012411 – Published 6 July, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/hsh7-14h3

    Abstract

    Recent studies have demonstrated that coherent weak measurements allow Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering to be shared sequentially between a single Alice and multiple Bobs. Theoretically, this permits an unbounded sequence in the high-dimensional limit. In this work, we investigate whether the experimentally simpler strategy of probabilistic projective measurements (PPM) can achieve similar results. We identify a fundamental distinction between the two approaches: while coherent weak measurements perturb the quantum state quadratically [O(ηk2)], PPM induces an effective linear depolarizing contribution [O(γk)]. We prove that this linear scaling restricts the information-to-disturbance ratio to O(1), causing the quantum correlations to decay in an arithmetic progression. This imposes a strict bound on the number of accessible Bobs in finite-dimensional systems, severely limiting sequence lengths for qubits. However, we demonstrate that high-dimensional entanglement is robust enough to sustain the sequence, yielding an asymptotic sharing capacity of N∼d/lnd. Ultimately, our results reveal a crucial physical trade-off: while PPM offers experimental simplicity, it consumes quantum correlations at a significantly higher rate than coherent weak measurements.

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