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    Multistability and noise-induced transitions in dispersively coupled nonlinear nanomechanical modes

    David Allemeier1,*, I. I. Kaya2,3, M. S. Hanay4,5, and K. L. Ekinci1,†

    • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
    • 2SUNUM, Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
    • 3Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
    • 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
    • 5National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey

    • *Contact author: davidallemeier@gmail.com
    • †Contact author: ekinci@bu.edu

    Phys. Rev. A 112, 023505 – Published 6 August, 2025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/dtlz-pmnr

    Abstract

    We study the noisy dynamics of two coupled bistable modes of a nanomechanical beam. When decoupled, each driven mode obeys the Duffing equation of motion, with a well-defined bistable region in the frequency domain. When both modes are driven, intermodal dispersive coupling emerges due to the amplitude dependence of the modal frequencies and leads to coupled states of the two modes. We map out the dynamics of the system by sweeping the drive frequencies of both modes in the presence of added noise. The system then samples all accessible states at each combination of frequencies, with the probability of each stable state being proportional to its occupancy time at steady state. In the frequency domain, the system exhibits four stable regions—one for each coupled state—which are separated by five curves. These curves are reminiscent of coexistence curves in an equilibrium phase diagram: each curve is defined by robust interstate transitions, with equal probabilities of finding the system in the two contiguous states. Remarkably, the curves intersect in two triple points, where the system now transitions between three distinct contiguous states. A physical analogy can be made between this nonequilibrium system and a multiphase thermodynamic system, with possible applications in computing, precision sensing, and signal processing.

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