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Quantum randomness certification with untrusted measurements and few probe states

Makoto Ishihara1,*, Carles Roch i Carceller2,3,*, Kieran Neil Wilkinson4,*,†, Casper Ahl Breum4,*,‡, Tobias Gehring4, and Jonatan Bohr Brask4

  • *These authors contributed equally to this work.
  • †Present address: Quantinuum, Terrington House, 13-15 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 1NL, United Kingdom.
  • ‡Present address: Novo Nordisk Fonden, Tuborg Havnevej 19, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark.

Phys. Rev. A 114, 052413 – Published 3 November, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/d7pg-hjgs

Abstract

We present a scheme for semidevice-independent quantum randomness certification from an untrusted measurement device and a trusted source and demonstrate it experimentally. No assumptions about noise or imperfections in the measurement are required, and the scheme is simple to implement with existing technology. The measurement device is probed with a few trusted states, and the output entropy can be lower bounded conditioned on the observed outcome distribution. The protocol can be applied to measurements with any finite number of outcomes and, in particular, can be realized by homodyne measurements of the vacuum using a detector probed by coherent states, as we experimentally demonstrate by intensity modulation of a telecom-wavelength pilot laser followed by homodyne detection and discretization by analog-to-digital conversion. We show that randomness can be certified in the presence of both Gaussian additive noise and non-Gaussian imperfections.

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