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    Finite Gaussian assistance protocols and a conic metric for extremizing spacelike vacuum entanglement

    Boyu Gao* and Natalie Klco†

    • Duke Quantum Center and Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA

    • *Contact author: boyu.gao@duke.edu
    • †Contact author: natalie.klco@duke.edu

    Phys. Rev. A 113, 012430 – Published 20 January, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/cm73-wdxv

    Abstract

    In a pure Gaussian tripartition, a range of entanglement between two parties (AB) can be purified through classical communication of Gaussian measurements performed within the third (C). To begin, this work introduces a direct method to calculate a hierarchic series of projective C measurements for the removal of any AB Gaussian noise, circumventing divergences in prior protocols. Next, a multimode conic framework is developed for pursuing the maximum (Gaussian entanglement of assistance, GEOA) or minimum (Gaussian entanglement of formation, GEOF) pure entanglement that may be revealed or required between AB. Within this framework, a geometric necessary and sufficient entanglement condition emerges as a doubly enclosed conic volume, defining a distance metric for conic optimization. Extremizing this distance for spacelike vacuum entanglement in the massless and massive free scalar fields yields (1) the highest known lower bound to GEOA, the first that decays slower than the two-point correlation functions and (2) the lowest known upper bound to GEOF, the first that decays exponentially mirroring the mixed AB negativity. Furthermore, combination of the above with a generalization of previous partially transposed noise filtering techniques allows calculation of a single C measurement that maximizes the purified AB entanglement. Beyond expectation that these behaviors of spacelike GEOA and GEOF persist in interacting theories, the present measurement and optimization techniques are applicable to physical many-body Gaussian states beyond quantum fields.

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