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  • Letter

Faithful geometric measures for genuine tripartite entanglement

Xiaozhen Ge1,2, Lijun Liu3,*, Yong Wang1, Yu Xiang4, Guofeng Zhang2, Li Li1, and Shuming Cheng1,5,6,†

  • 1Department of Control Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
  • 2Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
  • 3Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 4State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • 5Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
  • 6Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

  • *Contact author: lljcelia@126.com
  • †Contact author: drshuming.cheng@gmail.com

Phys. Rev. A 110, L010402 – Published 3 July, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.110.L010402

Abstract

We present a faithful geometric picture for genuine tripartite entanglement of discrete, continuous, and hybrid quantum systems. We first find that the triangle relation Ei|jkα≤Ej|ikα+Ek|ijα holds for all subadditive bipartite entanglement measure E, all permutations under parties i,j,k, all α∈[0,1], and all pure tripartite states. Then, we rigorously prove that the nonobtuse triangle area, enclosed by side Eα with 0<α≤1/2, is a measure for genuine tripartite entanglement. Finally, it is significantly strengthened for qubits that given a set of subadditive and nonsubadditive measures, some state is always found to violate the triangle relation for any α>1, and the triangle area is not a measure for any α>1/2. Our results pave the way to study discrete and continuous multipartite entanglement within a unified framework.

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