- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review A

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Letter
  • Open Access

Atomtronic multiterminal Aharonov-Bohm interferometer

Jonathan Wei Zhong Lau1,*, Koon Siang Gan1, Rainer Dumke1,2, Luigi Amico1,3,4,5,†, Leong-Chuan Kwek1,6,7,8, and Tobias Haug9,‡

  • 1Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
  • 2School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
  • 3Quantum Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi 9639, UAE
  • 4INFN-Sezione di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95127 Catania, Italy
  • 5LANEF ‘Chaire d'excellence,’ Universitè Grenoble-Alpes & CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
  • 6MajuLab, CNRS-UNS-NUS-NTU International Joint Research Unit, Singapore UMI 3654, Singapore
  • 7National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore
  • 8School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Block S2.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
  • 9QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom, Singapore

  • *e0032323@u.nus.edu
  • †On leave from the Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana,” University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
  • ‡tobias.haug@u.nus.edu
PDF

Phys. Rev. A 107, L051303 – Published 24 May, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.107.L051303

Abstract

We study a multifunctional device for cold atoms consisting of a three-terminal ring circuit pierced by a synthetic magnetic flux, where the ring can be continuous or discretized. The flux controls the atomic current through the ring via the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Our device shows a flux-induced transition of reflections from an Andreev-like negative density to positive density. Further, the flux can direct the atomic current into specific output ports, realizing a flexible nonreciprocal switch to connect multiple atomic systems or sense rotations. By changing the flux linearly in time, we convert constant matter wave currents into an ac modulated current. This effect can be used to realize an atomic frequency generator and study fundamental problems related to the Aharonov-Bohm effect. We experimentally demonstrate Bose-Einstein condensation into the light-shaped optical potential of the three-terminal ring. Our work opens up the possibility of atomtronic devices for practical applications in quantum technologies.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

Supplemental Material

References (74)

  1. I. Bloch, J. Dalibard, and S. Nascimbene, Quantum simulations with ultracold quantum gases, Nat. Phys. 8, 267 (2012).
  2. M. Keil, O. Amit, S. Zhou, D. Groswasser, Y. Japha, and R. Folman, Fifteen years of cold matter on the atom chip: promise, realizations, and prospects, J. Mod. Opt. 63, 1840 (2016).
  3. L. Amico, D. Anderson, M. Boshier, J.-P. Brantut, L.-C. Kwek, A. Minguzzi, and W. von Klitzing, Colloquium: Atomtronic circuits: From many-body physics to quantum technologies, Rev. Mod. Phys. 94, 041001 (2022).
  4. L. Amico, M. Boshier, G. Birkl, A. Minguzzi, C. Miniatura, L.-C. Kwek, D. Aghamalyan, V. Ahufinger, D. Anderson, N. Andrei et al., Roadmap on atomtronics: State of the art and perspective, AVS Quantum Sci. 3, 039201 (2021).
  5. L. Amico, G. Birkl, M. Boshier, and L.-C. Kwek, Focus on atomtronics-enabled quantum technologies, New J. Phys. 19, 020201 (2017).
  6. D. McGloin, G. C. Spalding, H. Melville, W. Sibbett, and K. Dholakia, Applications of spatial light modulators in atom optics, Opt. Express 11, 158 (2003).
  7. C. Ryu and M. G. Boshier, Integrated coherent matter wave circuits, New J. Phys. 17, 092002 (2015).
  8. G. Gauthier, I. Lenton, N. M. Parry, M. Baker, M. Davis, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, and T. Neely, Direct imaging of a digital-micromirror device for configurable microscopic optical potentials, Optica 3, 1136 (2016).
  9. D. Barredo, V. Lienhard, S. De Leseleuc, T. Lahaye, and A. Browaeys, Synthetic three-dimensional atomic structures assembled atom by atom, Nature (London) 561, 79 (2018).
  10. B. T. Seaman, M. Krämer, D. Z. Anderson, and M. J. Holland, Atomtronics: Ultracold-atom analogs of electronic devices, Phys. Rev. A 75, 023615 (2007).
  11. R. A. Pepino, J. Cooper, D. Z. Anderson, and M. J. Holland, Atomtronic Circuits of Diodes and Transistors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 140405 (2009).
  12. R. A. Pepino, Advances in atomtronics, Entropy 23, 534 (2021).
  13. D. Z. Anderson, Matter waves, single-mode excitations of the matter-wave field, and the atomtronic transistor oscillator, Phys. Rev. A 104, 033311 (2021).
  14. S. C. Caliga, C. J. Straatsma, A. A. Zozulya, and D. Z. Anderson, Principles of an atomtronic transistor, New J. Phys. 18, 015012 (2016).
  15. S. C. Caliga, C. J. Straatsma, and D. Z. Anderson, Transport dynamics of ultracold atoms in a triple-well transistor-like potential, New J. Phys. 18, 025010 (2016).
  16. S. C. Caliga, C. J. Straatsma, and D. Z. Anderson, Experimental demonstration of an atomtronic battery, New J. Phys. 19, 013036 (2017).
  17. K. W. Wilsmann, L. H. Ymai, A. P. Tonel, J. Links, and A. Foerster, Control of tunneling in an atomtronic switching device, Commun. Phys. 1, 91 (2018).
  18. C. Ryu, E. Samson, and M. G. Boshier, Quantum interference of currents in an atomtronic squid, Nat. Commun. 11, 3338 (2020).
  19. S. Eckel, J. G. Lee, F. Jendrzejewski, N. Murray, C. W. Clark, C. J. Lobb, W. D. Phillips, M. Edwards, and G. K. Campbell, Hysteresis in a quantized superfluid ‘atomtronic’ circuit, Nature (London) 506, 200 (2014).
  20. K. C. Wright, R. B. Blakestad, C. J. Lobb, W. D. Phillips, and G. K. Campbell, Driving Phase Slips in a Superfluid Atom Circuit with a Rotating Weak Link, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 025302 (2013).
  21. A. Pérez-Obiol, J. Polo, and L. Amico, Coherent phase slips in coupled matter-wave circuits, Phys. Rev. Res. 4, L022038 (2022).
  22. H. Kiehn, V. P. Singh, and L. Mathey, Implementation of an atomtronic squid in a strongly confined toroidal condensate, Phys. Rev. Res. 4, 033024 (2022).
  23. C.-C. Chien, S. Peotta, and M. Di Ventra, Quantum transport in ultracold atoms, Nat. Phys. 11, 998 (2015).
  24. A. J. Heeger, S. Kivelson, J. Schrieffer, and W.-P. Su, Solitons in conducting polymers, Rev. Mod. Phys. 60, 781 (1988).
  25. M. Atala, M. Aidelsburger, J. T. Barreiro, D. Abanin, T. Kitagawa, E. Demler, and I. Bloch, Direct measurement of the zak phase in topological bloch bands, Nat. Phys. 9, 795 (2013).
  26. H. Miyake, G. A. Siviloglou, C. J. Kennedy, W. C. Burton, and W. Ketterle, Realizing the Harper Hamiltonian with Laser-Assisted Tunneling in Optical Lattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 185302 (2013).
  27. M. Aidelsburger, M. Atala, M. Lohse, J. T. Barreiro, B. Paredes, and I. Bloch, Realization of the Hofstadter Hamiltonian with Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 185301 (2013).
  28. G. Jotzu, M. Messer, R. Desbuquois, M. Lebrat, T. Uehlinger, D. Greif, and T. Esslinger, Experimental realization of the topological haldane model with ultracold fermions, Nature (London) 515, 237 (2014).
  29. J.-P. Brantut, J. Meineke, D. Stadler, S. Krinner, and T. Esslinger, Conduction of ultracold fermions through a mesoscopic channel, Science 337, 1069 (2012).
  30. S. Krinner, D. Stadler, D. Husmann, J.-P. Brantut, and T. Esslinger, Observation of quantized conductance in neutral matter, Nature (London) 517, 64 (2015).
  31. D. Husmann, S. Uchino, S. Krinner, M. Lebrat, T. Giamarchi, T. Esslinger, and J.-P. Brantut, Connecting strongly correlated superfluids by a quantum point contact, Science 350, 1498 (2015).
  32. M. Lebrat, P. Grišins, D. Husmann, S. Häusler, L. Corman, T. Giamarchi, J.-P. Brantut, and T. Esslinger, Band and Correlated Insulators of Cold Fermions in a Mesoscopic Lattice, Phys. Rev. X 8, 011053 (2018).
  33. G. Gauthier, S. S. Szigeti, M. T. Reeves, M. Baker, T. A. Bell, H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, M. J. Davis, and T. W. Neely, Quantitative Acoustic Models for Superfluid Circuits, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 260402 (2019).
  34. S. Pandey, H. Mas, G. Drougakis, P. Thekkeppatt, V. Bolpasi, G. Vasilakis, K. Poulios, and W. von Klitzing, Hypersonic bose–einstein condensates in accelerator rings, Nature (London) 570, 205 (2019).
  35. T. Haug, L. Amico, R. Dumke, and L.-C. Kwek, Mesoscopic vortex–meissner currents in ring ladders, Quantum Sci. Technol. 3, 035006 (2018).
  36. T. Haug, R. Dumke, L.-C. Kwek, and L. Amico, Topological pumping in aharonov–bohm rings, Commun. Phys. 2, 127 (2019).
  37. T. Haug, H. Heimonen, R. Dumke, L.-C. Kwek, and L. Amico, Aharonov-Bohm effect in mesoscopic Bose-Einstein condensates, Phys. Rev. A 100, 041601(R) (2019).
  38. S. Safaei, L.-C. Kwek, R. Dumke, and L. Amico, Monitoring currents in cold-atom circuis, Phys. Rev. A 100, 013621 (2019).
  39. T. Haug, R. Dumke, L.-C. Kwek, and L. Amico, Andreev-reflection and aharonov–bohm dynamics in atomtronic circuits, Quantum Sci. Technol. 4, 045001 (2019).
  40. T. F. Haug, Quantum transport with cold atoms, Ph.D. thesis, National University of Singapore (Singapore), 2021.
  41. A. Ramanathan, K. C. Wright, S. R. Muniz, M. Zelan, W. T. Hill III, C. J. Lobb, K. Helmerson, W. D. Phillips, and G. K. Campbell, Superflow in a Toroidal Bose-Einstein Condensate: An Atom Circuit with a Tunable Weak Link, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 130401 (2011).
  42. C. Ryu, P. W. Blackburn, A. A. Blinova, and M. G. Boshier, Experimental Realization of Josephson Junctions for an Atom SQUID, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 205301 (2013).
  43. B. Eller, O. Oladehin, D. Fogarty, C. Heller, C. W. Clark, and M. Edwards, Producing flow in racetrack atom circuits by stirring, Phys. Rev. A 102, 063324 (2020).
  44. D. Aghamalyan, M. Cominotti, M. Rizzi, D. Rossini, F. Hekking, A. Minguzzi, L.-C. Kwek, and L. Amico, Coherent superposition of current flows in an atomtronic quantum interference device, New J. Phys. 17, 045023 (2015).
  45. T. Haug, J. Tan, M. Theng, R. Dumke, L.-C. Kwek, and L. Amico, Readout of the atomtronic quantum interference device, Phys. Rev. A 97, 013633 (2018).
  46. Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, Significance of electromagnetic potentials in the quantum theory, Phys. Rev. 115, 485 (1959).
  47. Y. Gefen, Y. Imry, and M. Y. Azbel, Quantum Oscillations and the Aharonov-Bohm Effect for Parallel Resistors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 129 (1984).
  48. M. Büttiker, Y. Imry, and M. Y. Azbel, Quantum oscillations in one-dimensional normal-metal rings, Phys. Rev. A 30, 1982 (1984).
  49. R. A. Webb, S. Washburn, C. P. Umbach, and R. B. Laibowitz, Observation of he Aharonov-Bohm Oscillations in Normal-Metal Rings, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 2696 (1985).
  50. Y. Imry, Introduction to Mesoscopic Physics (Oxford University Press on Demand, 2002), Vol. 2.
  51. D. Singleton and E. C. Vagenas, The covariant, time-dependent aharonov–bohm effect, Phys. Lett. B 723, 241 (2013).
  52. J. Macdougall, D. Singleton, and E. C. Vagenas, Revisiting the marton, simpson, and suddeth experimental confirmation of the aharonov–bohm effect, Phys. Lett. A 379, 1689 (2015).
  53. J. Jing, Y.-F. Zhang, K. Wang, Z.-W. Long, and S.-H. Dong, On the time-dependent aharonov–bohm effect, Phys. Lett. B 774, 87 (2017).
  54. S. R. Choudhury and S. Mahajan, Direct calculation of time varying aharonov-bohm effect, Phys. Lett. A 383, 2467 (2019).
  55. D. Jaksch and P. Zoller, Creation of effective magnetic fields in optical lattices: the hofstadter butterfly for cold neutral atoms, New J. Phys. 5, 56 (2003).
  56. Y.-J. Lin, R. L. Compton, K. Jiménez-García, J. V. Porto, and I. B. Spielman, Synthetic magnetic fields for ultracold neutral atoms, Nature (London) 462, 628 (2009).
  57. J. Dalibard, F. Gerbier, G. Juzeliūnas, and P. Öhberg, Colloquium: Artificial gauge potentials for neutral atoms, Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 1523 (2011).
  58. T. Haug, R. Dumke, L.-C. Kwek, C. Miniatura, and L. Amico, Machine-learning engineering of quantum currents, Phys. Rev. Res. 3, 013034 (2021).
  59. G. D. Pace, K. Xhani, A. M. Falconi, M. Fedrizzi, N. Grani, D. H. Rajkov, M. Inguscio, F. Scazza, W. J. Kwon, and G. Roati, Imprinting Persistent Currents in Tunable Fermionic Rings, Phys. Rev. X 12, 041037 (2022).
  60. See Supplemental Material at http://link.aps.org/supplemental/10.1103/PhysRevA.107.L051303 for details on the Landauer formula, experiment and Gross-Pitaevskii equation.
  61. W. Bao, D. Jaksch, and P. A. Markowich, Numerical solution of the gross–pitaevskii equation for bose–einstein condensation, J. Comput. Phys. 187, 318 (2003).
  62. P. Engels, I. Coddington, P. C. Haljan, V. Schweikhard, and E. A. Cornell, Observation of Long-Lived Vortex Aggregates in Rapidly Rotating Bose-Einstein Condensates, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 170405 (2003).
  63. C. Weitenberg and J. Simonet, Tailoring quantum gases by floquet engineering, Nat. Phys. 17, 1342 (2021).
  64. K. Wintersperger, C. Braun, F. N. Ünal, A. Eckardt, M. D. Liberto, N. Goldman, I. Bloch, and M. Aidelsburger, Realization of an anomalous floquet topological system with ultracold atoms, Nat. Phys. 16, 1058 (2020).
  65. M. Fishman, S. R. White, and E. M. Stoudenmire, The ITensor Software Library for Tensor Network Calculations, SciPost Phys. Codebases 2022, 4 (2022).
  66. P. Wittek and L. Calderaro, Extended computational kernels in a massively parallel implementation of the trotter–suzuki approximation, Comput. Phys. Commun. 197, 339 (2015).
  67. H.-P. Breuer, F. Petruccione et al., The Theory of Open Quantum Systems (Oxford University Press on Demand, 2002).
  68. C. Guo and D. Poletti, Dissipatively driven hardcore bosons steered by a gauge field, Phys. Rev. B 96, 165409 (2017).
  69. A. J. Daley, P. Zoller, and B. Trauzettel, Andreev-Like Reflections with Cold Atoms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 110404 (2008).
  70. J. F. Sherson, C. Weitenberg, M. Endres, M. Cheneau, I. Bloch, and S. Kuhr, Single-atom-resolved fluorescence imaging of an atomic mott insulator, Nature (London) 467, 68 (2010).
  71. A. Tokuno, M. Oshikawa, and E. Demler, Dynamics of One-Dimensional Bose Liquids: Andreev-Like Reflection at Y Junctions and the Absence of the Aharonov-Bohm Effect, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 140402 (2008).
  72. C. Y. Pon, Hybrid-ring directional coupler for arbitrary power divisions, IRE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 9, 529 (1961).
  73. A. Yariv, Critical coupling and its control in optical waveguide-ring resonator systems, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14, 483 (2002).
  74. P. Dong, N.-N. Feng, D. Feng, W. Qian, H. Liang, D. C. Lee, B. Luff, T. Banwell, A. Agarwal, P. Toliver et al., Ghz-bandwidth optical filters based on high-order silicon ring resonators, Opt. Express 18, 23784 (2010).

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. A 107, L051303– Published 24 May, 2023
  • Received 12 July 2022
  • Revised 22 February 2023
  • Accepted 15 May 2023
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation