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  • Open Access

Superluminal signaling witness for quantum state reduction

Aritro Mukherjee, Lisa Lenstra, Lotte Mertens, and Jasper van Wezel

  • Institute for Theoretical Physics Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Phys. Rev. A 112, 062202 – Published 1 December, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/94hj-224f

Abstract

Models for quantum state reduction address the quantum measurement problem by suggesting weak modifications to Schrödinger's equation that have no observable effect at microscopic scales but dominate the dynamics of macroscopic objects. Enforcing linearity of the master equation for such models has long been used as a way of ensuring that modifications to Schrödinger's equation do not introduce a possibility for superluminal signaling. In large classes of quantum-state-reduction models, however, and in particular in models employing correlated noise, formulating a master equation for the quantum state is prohibitively difficult or impossible. Here, we formulate a witness for superluminal signaling that is applicable to generic quantum-state-reduction models, including those involving correlated as well as uncorrelated noise. Surprisingly, application of the witness to known models described by linear master equations shows that they may still admit superluminal signaling, unless a particular locality condition is obeyed. In contrast, we show that the witness introduced here provides a necessary and sufficient condition for excluding superluminal signals under all circumstances. We further apply the witness to several models driven by physical, correlated noise, for which linear master equations are not analytically obtainable, and find that they allow for superluminal signaling. We suggest how specific correlated-noise models may be able to avoid it and that the witness introduced here provides a stringent guide for constructing such models.

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Phys. Rev. A 112, 062202– Published 1 December, 2025
  • Received 30 July 2025
  • Accepted 10 November 2025
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