- Physical Review Journals
All JournalsPhysics Magazine

Physical Review A

Reuse & Permissions

It is not necessary to obtain permission to reuse this article or its components as it is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI are maintained. Please note that some figures may have been included with permission from other third parties. It is your responsibility to obtain the proper permission from the rights holder directly for these figures.

Export citation

Export citation

Choose format for download:

Download Citation
  • Open Access

Coupled states of cold Yb174 atoms in a high-finesse cavity

Saran Shaju1, Dmitriy Sholokhov1, Simon B. Jäger2, and Jürgen Eschner1,*

  • *Contact author: juergen.eschner@physik.uni-saarland.de
PDF

Phys. Rev. A 112, 013705 – Published 7 July, 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/8k18-9mvn

Abstract

We experimentally and theoretically study the formation of dressed states emerging from strong collective coupling of the narrow intercombination line of Yb atoms to a single mode of a high-finesse optical cavity. By permanently trapping and cooling the Yb atoms during their interaction with the cavity, we gain continuous experimental access to the dressed states. This allows us to detect both their field and their atomic properties, by simultaneously measuring the steady-state cavity transmission and free-space fluorescence. By varying the cavity and probe frequencies, we observe coupled atom-cavity states with atom-number-dependent splitting, the hallmark of collective strong coupling of the atoms with the single cavity mode. We find additional fluorescence output at atomic resonance, which we explain by the effects of dephasing and inhomogeneous broadening. We compare our experimental results with a theoretical model and find good qualitative agreement.

View figure in article

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Article Text

References (67)

  1. P. Domokos and H. Ritsch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 253003 (2002).
  2. A. T. Black, H. W. Chan, and V. Vuletić, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 203001 (2003).
  3. J. K. Asbóth, P. Domokos, H. Ritsch, and A. Vukics, Phys. Rev. A 72, 053417 (2005).
  4. K. J. Arnold, M. P. Baden, and M. D. Barrett, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 153002 (2012).
  5. H. Ritsch, P. Domokos, F. Brennecke, and T. Esslinger, Rev. Mod. Phys. 85, 553 (2013).
  6. S. Schütz, S. B. Jäger, and G. Morigi, Phys. Rev. A 92, 063808 (2015).
  7. M. Gross and S. Haroche, Phys. Rep. 93, 301 (1982).
  8. K. Baumann, C. Guerlin, F. Brennecke, and T. Esslinger, Nature (London) 464, 1301 (2010).
  9. W. Guerin, M. O. Araújo, and R. Kaiser, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 083601 (2016).
  10. M. Gegg, A. Carmele, A. Knorr, and M. Richter, New J. Phys. 20, 013006 (2018).
  11. M. A. Norcia, M. N. Winchester, J. R. K. Cline, and J. K. Thompson, Sci. Adv. 2, e1601231 (2016).
  12. M. A. Norcia, J. R. K. Cline, J. A. Muniz, J. M. Robinson, R. B. Hutson, A. Goban, G. E. Marti, J. Ye, and J. K. Thompson, Phys. Rev. X 8, 021036 (2018).
  13. J. Klinder, H. Keßler, M. Wolke, L. Mathey, and A. Hemmerich, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, 3290 (2015).
  14. T. Laske, H. Winter, and A. Hemmerich, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 103601 (2019).
  15. A. Shankar, J. T. Reilly, S. B. Jäger, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 073603 (2021).
  16. M. A. Norcia, R. J. Lewis-Swan, J. R. K. Cline, B. Zhu, A. M. Rey, and J. K. Thompson, Science 361, 259 (2018).
  17. B. P. Marsh, Y. Guo, R. M. Kroeze, S. Gopalakrishnan, S. Ganguli, J. Keeling, and B. L. Lev, Phys. Rev. X 11, 021048 (2021).
  18. R. M. Kroeze, B. P. Marsh, D. A. Schuller, H. S. Hunt, S. Gopalakrishnan, J. Keeling, and B. L. Lev, arXiv:2311.04216.
  19. B. P. Marsh, R. M. Kroeze, S. Ganguli, S. Gopalakrishnan, J. Keeling, and B. L. Lev, Phys. Rev. X 14, 011026 (2024).
  20. N. Defenu, T. Donner, T. Macrì, G. Pagano, S. Ruffo, and A. Trombettoni, Rev. Mod. Phys. 95, 035002 (2023).
  21. V. Torggler, S. Krämer, and H. Ritsch, Phys. Rev. A 95, 032310 (2017).
  22. E. Altman, K. R. Brown, G. Carleo, L. D. Carr, E. Demler, C. Chin, B. DeMarco, S. E. Economou, M. A. Eriksson, K.-M. C. Fu et al., PRX Quantum 2, 017003 (2021).
  23. M. Ye, Y. Tian, J. Lin, Y. Luo, J. You, J. Hu, W. Zhang, W. Chen, and X. Li, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 103601 (2023).
  24. J. Chen, Chinese Sci. Bull. 54, 348 (2009).
  25. D. Meiser, J. Ye, D. R. Carlson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 163601 (2009).
  26. H. Liu, S. B. Jäger, X. Yu, S. Touzard, A. Shankar, M. J. Holland, and T. L. Nicholson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 253602 (2020).
  27. S. L. Kristensen, E. Bohr, J. Robinson-Tait, T. Zelevinsky, J. W. Thomsen, and J. H. Müller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 223402 (2023).
  28. E. A. Bohr, S. L. Kristensen, C. Hotter, S. A. Schäffer, J. Robinson-Tait, J. W. Thomsen, T. Zelevinsky, H. Ritsch, and J. H. Müller, Nat. Commun. 15, 1084 (2024).
  29. H. J. Metcalf and P. van der Straten, Laser Cooling and Trapping, Graduate Texts in Contemporary Physics (Springer, New York, 1999).
  30. C.-C. Chen, S. Bennetts, R. G. Escudero, B. Pasquiou, and F. Schreck, Phys. Rev. Appl. 12, 044014 (2019).
  31. M. Tang, S. A. Schäffer, and J. H. Müller, Phys. Rev. A 106, 063704 (2022).
  32. S. B. Jäger, H. Liu, J. Cooper, T. L. Nicholson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. A 104, 033711 (2021).
  33. J. R. K. Cline, V. M. Schäfer, Z. Niu, D. J. Young, T. H. Yoon, and J. K. Thompson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 013403 (2025).
  34. C.-C. Chen, R. González Escudero, J. Minář, B. Pasquiou, S. Bennetts, and F. Schreck, Nature (London) 606, 683 (2022).
  35. S. Dubey, G. A. Kazakov, B. Heizenreder, S. Zhou, S. Bennetts, S. A. Schäffer, A. Sitaram, and F. Schreck, Phys. Rev. Res. 7, 013292 (2025).
  36. F. Famà, S. Zhou, B. Heizenreder, M. Tang, S. Bennetts, S. B. Jäger, S. A. Schäffer, and F. Schreck, Phys. Rev. A 110, 063721 (2024).
  37. V. M. Schäfer, Z. Niu, J. R. K. Cline, D. J. Young, E. Y. Song, H. Ritsch, and J. K. Thompson, Nat. Phys. 21, 902 (2025).
  38. T. Salzburger and H. Ritsch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 063002 (2004).
  39. T. Salzburger and H. Ritsch, Phys. Rev. A 74, 033806 (2006).
  40. M. Xu, S. B. Jäger, S. Schütz, J. Cooper, G. Morigi, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 153002 (2016).
  41. S. B. Jäger, M. Xu, S. Schütz, M. J. Holland, and G. Morigi, Phys. Rev. A 95, 063852 (2017).
  42. C. Hotter, D. Plankensteiner, L. Ostermann, and H. Ritsch, Opt. Express 27, 31193 (2019).
  43. H. Gothe, D. Sholokhov, A. Breunig, M. Steinel, and J. Eschner, Phys. Rev. A 99, 013415 (2019).
  44. H. Gothe, T. Valenzuela, M. Cristiani, and J. Eschner, Phys. Rev. A 99, 013849 (2019).
  45. G. S. Agarwal, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 480 (1985).
  46. Y. Zhu, D. J. Gauthier, S. E. Morin, Q. Wu, H. J. Carmichael, and T. W. Mossberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2499 (1990).
  47. R. J. Thompson, G. Rempe, and H. J. Kimble, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1132 (1992).
  48. M. Brune, F. Schmidt-Kaler, A. Maali, J. Dreyer, E. Hagley, J. M. Raimond, and S. Haroche, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1800 (1996).
  49. H. J. Kimble, Phys. Scr. T76, 127 (1998).
  50. J. McKeever, J. R. Buck, A. D. Boozer, and H. J. Kimble, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 143601 (2004).
  51. I. Schuster, A. Kubanek, A. Fuhrmanek, T. Puppe, P. W. H. Pinkse, K. Murr, and G. Rempe, Nat. Phys. 4, 382 (2008).
  52. M. Mücke, E. Figueroa, J. Bochmann, C. Hahn, K. Murr, S. Ritter, C. J. Villas-Boas, and G. Rempe, Nature (London) 465, 755 (2010).
  53. J. Gripp, S. L. Mielke, and L. A. Orozco, Phys. Rev. A 56, 3262 (1997).
  54. A. K. Tuchman, R. Long, G. Vrijsen, J. Boudet, J. Lee, and M. A. Kasevich, Phys. Rev. A 74, 053821 (2006).
  55. E. Suarez, F. Carollo, I. Lesanovsky, B. Olmos, P. W. Courteille, and S. Slama, Phys. Rev. A 107, 023714 (2023).
  56. M. G. Raizen, R. J. Thompson, R. J. Brecha, H. J. Kimble, and H. J. Carmichael, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 240 (1989).
  57. B. T. R. Christensen, M. R. Henriksen, S. A. Schäffer, P. G. Westergaard, D. Tieri, J. Ye, M. J. Holland, and J. W. Thomsen, Phys. Rev. A 92, 053820 (2015).
  58. D. Rivero, C. A. Pessoa, Jr., G. H. de França, R. C. Teixeira, S. Slama, and P. W. Courteille, New J. Phys. 25, 093053 (2023).
  59. F. Rohde, M. Almendros, C. Schuck, J. Huwer, M. Hennrich, and J. Eschner, J. Phys. B 43, 115401 (2010).
  60. H. Tanji-Suzuki, I. D. Leroux, M. H. Schleier-Smith, M. Cetina, A. T. Grier, J. Simon, and V. Vuletić, in Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, edited by E. Arimondo, P. Berman, and C. Lin (Academic, New York, 2011), Vol. 60, pp. 201–237.
  61. T. Botzung, D. Hagenmüller, S. Schütz, J. Dubail, G. Pupillo, and J. Schachenmayer, Phys. Rev. B 102, 144202 (2020).
  62. M. A. Zeb, Phys. Rev. A 106, 063720 (2022).
  63. T. Gera and K. L. Sebastian, J. Chem. Phys. 156, 194304 (2022).
  64. M. Baghdad, P.-A. Bourdel, S. Schwartz, F. Ferri, J. Reichel, and R. Long, Nat. Phys. 19, 1104 (2023).
  65. N. Sauerwein, F. Orsi, P. Uhrich, S. Bandyopadhyay, F. Mattiotti, T. Cantat-Moltrecht, G. Pupillo, P. Hauke, and J.-P. Brantut, Nat. Phys. 19, 1128 (2023).
  66. M. Cristiani, T. Valenzuela, H. Gothe, and J. Eschner, Phys. Rev. A 81, 063416 (2010).
  67. J. Eschner, S. Shaju, and S. B. Jäger, Zenodo, Geneva, 2025, https://zenodo.org/records/1543543.

Outline

Information

Phys. Rev. A 112, 013705– Published 7 July, 2025
  • Received 9 August 2024
  • Revised 3 December 2024
  • Accepted 2 June 2025
Crossmark - Check for updates button
Creative Commons Logo

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Published by the American Physical Society

Sign In to Your Journals Account

Filter

Filter

Article Lookup

Enter a citation