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    Minimal model for chirp-induced nonadiabatic coupling in Autler-Townes splitting

    Bingshuang Zhang1, Liguang Jiao2, Chuan-Cun Shu3,*, and Aihua Liu1,†

    • 1Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
    • 2College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
    • 3Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, Hunan Key Laboratory of Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

    • *Contact author: cc.shu@csu.edu.cn
    • †Contact author: aihualiu@jlu.edu.cn

    Phys. Rev. A 114, 053102 – Published 4 November, 2026

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/7b5d-5qwb

    Abstract

    We present a minimal analytical bound-continuum model for resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization of atomic hydrogen by chirped pulses, highlighting chirp-induced nonadiabatic coupling in Autler-Townes (AT) splitting. The model incorporates the 1s–2p bound transition, couplings to s- and d-wave continua, chirp-dependent detuning, dynamic Stark shifts, energy-dependent ionization matrix elements, and ionization decay. We provide closed-form expressions for time-dependent amplitudes and the photoelectron spectrum. The model demonstrates two key principles: the pulse area determines the number of AT peaks via time-domain interference, and chirp induces nonadiabatic coupling between dressed states, characterized by a single complex parameter α(t) that breaks spectral symmetry. Comparisons with three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation simulations validate the model's accuracy across a wide chirp range. This framework analytically links control parameters to spectral observables and is adaptable to other systems.

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