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  • Letter
  • Open Access

Enhanced security in quantum token protocols using hybrid spin-photon interfaces

Yang Wang, Jörg Wrachtrup, and Durga Bhaktavatsala Rao Dasari*

  • *Contact author: d.dasari@pi3.uni-stuttgart.de
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Phys. Rev. A 113, L050601 – Published 7 May, 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/6zxv-4jgk

Abstract

Quantum token protocols enable unforgeable quantum tokens promising unconditional security beyond classical cryptographic assumptions. We show here that the three stages of the Quantum token protocols involving the preparation, storage, and verification can be made more secure when involving spin-photon interfaces that leverage high-fidelity hybrid tripartite (spin-photon-spin) entanglement, Bell state measurements, and highly coherent spin quantum memories. Further we describe the physical implementation of various stages of the protocol using the hybrid electron and nuclear spins in diamond interfaced with time-bin photons.

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Phys. Rev. A 113, L050601– Published 7 May, 2026
  • Received 23 September 2025
  • Accepted 9 March 2026
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Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

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